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Identification of aberrant gene expression Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage vinclozolin lineage Y-h. Taguchi  Department of Physics Chuo University Tokyo Japan http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/16/S18/S16/ http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/16/S18/S16/

Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

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Page 1: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

Identification of aberrant gene expression Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter associated with aberrant promoter 

methylation in primordial germ cells methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation 

vinclozolin lineagevinclozolin lineage

Y­h. Taguchi Department of Physics

Chuo UniversityTokyoJapan

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471­2105/16/S18/S16/http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471­2105/16/S18/S16/

Page 2: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

1. What is PCA based unsupervisedunsupervised FE?

2. What is transigenetational epigenetics? 

3.  Comparison  of  primordial  germ  cells between  E13  and  E16  rat  F3  generation vinclozolin  lineage and biological  validations of obtained gene set

4. Summary  

Page 3: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

What is PCA based unsupervisedunsupervised FE?

 N features

Categorical multiclasses

In contrast to usual usage of PCA, not samples but features are embedded into Q dimensional space.

PC

A

PC1

samples

M samplesN × M Matrix X (numerical values)

PC2

PC1 ++ ++ +

+++

++ ++ ++

+

No distinction between classes

Page 4: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

Synthetic example

10 samples10 samples

90 features 10 featuresN(0)N()

[N()+N(0)]/2

+:Top 10 outliersThus, extracting outliers selects features distinct between two classes in an unsupervised way.Accuracy:(100 trials)Accuracy:(100 trials) 89.5% ( 52.6% (

PC1

PC2

Normal μ:mean Distribution ½ :SD

Page 5: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

The First example:Transgenerational Epigenetics (TGE)

Phenotype transfers between generations without DNA modification

(also focused in “Cell Best of 2014Cell Best of 2014”)

F3 generation of F0 pregnant female exposed to endocrine disruptor

F0♀F1♂ F2

F3Abnormalities without inherited DNA exposed to endocrine disruptor?

Page 6: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

Yes!・ male infertility  (Guerrero­Bosagna, PLoS ONE 2013)・ anxiety behavior (Skinner, PLoS ONE, 2008)・ mate preference (Skinner, BMC Genom., 2013)・ various diseases  (Anway, Endocrinology, 2006) 

 (on prostate, kidney, immune system, testis, and tumor development)

・ reprogramming of primordial germ cells (Skinner, PLoS ONE, 2013)・ stress responses ( Crews, PNAS, 2012)

However, understanding how TGE takes place still lacks.

Page 7: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

Authors' conclusion : “A comparison between the germ cell differential DNA methylation regions and the differentially expressed genes indicated no significant overlap”Significant overlaps observed would be Significant overlaps observed would be interesting....interesting....

Skinner, PLoS ONE, 2013:Primordial germ cell in F3 generation at E13 and E16, gene expression/promoter methylation

F2♀F3

Page 8: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

N'' com

mon 

genes

FeatureExtraction

N' g ene s

FeatureExtraction

Promoter methylation

Vinclozolin treatedControl

E13 E16 E13 E16

Gene expression

Vinclozolin treatedControl

E13 E16 E13 E16

Our strategy.....Our strategy.....

N'  ←→ N''  PP  

Total N genes

Page 9: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

N〜104

Results.....Results.....

P=0.05

T­test based feature selectionsT­test based feature selections

No overlaps(N' 300)≦

Page 10: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

N〜104Results.....Results.....

P=0.05

limma based feature selectionslimma based feature selections

N''=33 genes with RefSeq ID

No significant enrichments of  GO BP, GO CC, GO MF, KEGG pathway, or PPI 

using DAVID, TargetMine, g:profiler,  or  STRING

Page 11: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

N〜104

Results.....Results.....

P=0.05

SAM based feature selectionsSAM based feature selections

N''=30 genes with RefSeq ID

P=10­2

No significant enrichments of GO BP, GO CC, GO MF, KEGG pathway, or PPI 

using DAVID, TargetMine, g:profiler, or STRING

Page 12: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

N〜104

Results.....Results.....

P=0.05

P=10­3

P=10­2

PCA based PCA based unsupervisedunsupervised FE FE

N''=48 genes with RefSeq ID

Page 13: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

multiple significant enrichments of GO BP,  GO MF,  using DAVID and g:profiler

Seven PPIs (P=0.05) detected by STRING

Page 14: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

N〜104

Results.....Results.....

P=0.05

P=10­3

P=10­2

PCA based PCA based unsupervisedunsupervised FE FE

N''=179 genes with RefSeq ID

Page 15: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

DAVIDDAVID

Page 16: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

g:profilerg:profiler

Page 17: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

TargetMineTargetMine

Page 18: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

We further validated that 22 genes among 48 genes selected by PCA based unsupervisedunsupervised FE  when N'=1000 are related to either kidney, testis, prostate, tumor and immune system whose associated diseases were caused by TGE.

We also proposed that Chemokine signaling pathway as well as LRR proteins are deeply related to TGE.

Because of lack of time, we cannot discuss about it.

Page 19: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

Summary・PCA based unsupervisedunsupervised FE identified more genes associated  with    both  differential  gene  expression and  aberrant  promoter  methylation  between  E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

・ Genes  selected  by  PCA  based  unsupervisedunsupervised  FE were  associated  with  various  enrichments  of biological  terms/concepts  while  none  were associated  with  those  selected  by  t­test,  limma,  or SAM based FE.

・ These  suggested  definitely  the  superiority  of unsupervisedunsupervised method toward supervised methods.  

Page 20: Identification of aberrant gene expression associated with aberrant promoter methylation in primordial germ cells between E13 and E16 rat F3 generation vinclozolin lineage

This study was supported by

Chuo university joint research grant “In silico drug discovery using FAMS”

 and 

KAKENHI  “Initiative for High­Dimensional Data­driven Science through Deepening of 

Sparse Modeling”