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www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium Date: 11 – 12 July - 2013
Health Benefits, Impact Awareness- Incentives on
Household levels.
Joseph Atehnkeng
On Behalf of the Team
www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium Date: 02 – May - 2013
Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Food & Feed
• Several African staple commodities affected
• High human exposure in Africa – mother to baby
• Levels and frequency of occurrence high
– >30% maize in stores with >20 ppb aflatoxin
– ~90% stores are contaminated with Afla fungi
– Up to 40% grain in households with aflatoxin
• Concern for food and feed processors, government and
emergency food reserve agencies, school-feeding
• Aflatoxins disproportionately impact the poor
• Highly toxic strains, conducive environmental
conditions, traditional farming methods and improper
grain drying and storage practices, unregulated markets
www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium Date: 02 – May - 2013
Human and Animal Health Effects
acute
acute hepatic necrosis, cirrhosis,
carcinoma
Death; 200 people in Kenya; 74 in
India
chronic
carcinogenic
stunting in under-fives
anti-nutritional
immune-suppressive
gut integrity?
underreported
unknown
500 ppb AF diet AF-free diet
~40% reduction in live weight (8 weeks)
www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium Date: 11 – 12 July - 2013
Tim Williams, Peanut CRSP
Animal Health Impact of Aflatoxin
Livestock and poultry losses
liver damage including cancer
recurrent infection due to immune system suppression
reduced growth rate
losses in feed efficiency
decreased milk and egg yield
embryo toxicity (reduced reproductivity)
death (cattle, turkey, poultry, swine..)
9
Awareness
• The word aflatoxin is not translated in many local languages • Farmers know contaminated grains but not aflatoxins
• Madness of maize or groundnut • Mould • Effects of water
10
What they need to know
• Effects on humans
•Aggravates kwashiorkor in children
• Increases risk of cancer
• Retards growth and development
• Suppresses the immune system
• Impeded uptake of micronutrients
•High levels causes death
• Effects could be chronic or acute
11
About contaminated grains?
• Caused by rain or water • Wash cook and eat (kills the fungus but not the toxin )
• Use it as animal feed • Few farmers throw it away. • Mixes with the good quality grain and sell • Good quality is sold and poor quality eaten at
home.
12
Any uses?
• Some know that they will be sick after eating the meals •The meal tastes bad in the mouth • Some claim that they have been eating this grains and nothing happened.
13
What they need to know
• Effects on Trade
• Reduces crop quality
• Attracts low income
• Trade barrier to export markets
• Many are not aware because they sell the crop local markets
• Those who sell to the industry know that if the level is high the industries
will not buy.
• The markets are not regulated
• Regulation exits but not enforced in many countries.
Product: Aflasafe
Mixture of 4 native atoxigenic strains
Nigeria
www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium Date: 02 – May - 2013
Packing And Transportation
17 17
Implementers’ Role
www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium Mycored Europe, 28 May, 2013
• Farmers’ cooperative with professional management
• Credit, inputs and technical services
• Yield enhancing practices
• Aflasafe use
• Aflatoxin testing
• Warehousing
• Output marketing – linking to market
• Return profit after sale
• Farmers keep part of the harvest for family use
Willingness to Pay
www.iita.org Mycored Europe, 28 May, 2013 A member of CGIAR consortium Mycored Europe, 28 May, 2013
100% 99%
83%
60%
25%
19%
34% 31%
18%
12%
5% 4% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
$0 $3 - $6 $6 -$9 $9 - $12 $12 - $15 $15 - $19 $20
Farmers who have used Aflasafe (n=246) Farmers who have not used Aflasafe (n=119)
Target Farm Gate Price
Range
• All prior-users willing to pay; almost 50% non-users willing to pay
• Prior-users willing to pay more than non-users Source: G. Okpachu & T. Abdoulaye
Actions to Create Demand
• Develop manufacturing capacity
• Create awareness about aflatoxin
• Engage stakeholders frequently
• Demonstrate efficacy of Aflasafe
• Train farmers in aflatoxin management
• Enable aflatoxin testing of products
• Incentivize use of Aflasafe by the poor
• Link Aflasafe users to food and feed market
• Being piloted by Doreo Partners
www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium Mycored Europe, 28 May, 2013
21
Aflatoxin awareness
Leaflets
22
•Target Group
• Farmers
• Extension agents
• Media houses
• National bodies eg NAERLS, ADP
• Community leaders
•National policy /decision makers •Agriculture •Trade •Health
23
Communication channels
• Radio /TV broadcast • Adverts in different languages at intervals eg quality maize better health
• Messages in the form of jingles • Short plays • Local radio
24
•Campaign delivery
•Use clear language eg mouldy maize in
place of aflatoxin
•Use of promotional materials •T-shirts (Avoid mouldy maize or sort grains
before cooking)
•Caps •Billboards (Sample of the product)
•Cars/equipment (Product logo)
•Stickers (farmer applying aflasafe)
•Handbills (Apply aflasafe, information on aflatoxins)
25
Other methods
• Community workshops • Interpersonal contacts • Market or social centers • Extension agents • Cooperative groups • Opinion leaders • Local press • In school programs
26
Follow up
• Public opinion Survey after 8 months • Provide baseline information to respondents • Knowledge on health • Productivity risks it poses • Agronomic practices • Storage practices
Summary • Aflatoxins in food and feed pervasive in Africa
• Biological control in conjunction with other management practices can dramatically reduce aflatoxin contamination
• Efforts underway to pilot commercialization of aflatoxin biocontrol and develop regional strains
• Technologies available but must be implemented to reduce aflatoxin burden in African economies and food system
• Support and partnership needed from national governments, regulators, donors/investors, private food/feed sector and farmer groups
www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium Date: 02 – May - 2013
