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INTRODUCTION
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Spice and Vegetable.
Tropical and subtropical
Centre of Origin : Mexico
Sec.Centre of Origin : Guatemala and Bulgaria
Capsicum, Paprika, Pimento, hot pepper, red pepper,
bird pepper, Chilli, Chile pepper.
Capsicum species are diploids, with most having 24
chromosomes (n = x = 12), but with several
wild species having 26 chromosomes (n = x = 13)
Global
India contributes for around 25% of world chilliproduction
Other major producer are China, Pakistan, Morocco, Mexico, Spain and Turkey
Chilli contributes for 22% of world spices trade in terms of volume.
Globally China is emerging as major threat for India
Asian countries consumes chillies directly while USA and EU imports mainly for its oleoresin requirement
3
India
Major Producer, consumer & exporter in the world
Chilli accounts for 20-30% of total Indian spices exports valuing approx 400-500 crore
Practically all the states in India grows chilliresulting in arrivals round the year.
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State Wise contribution of Chilli
27%
19%5%12%
9%
2%
8%
18%AP
Karnataka
MP
Maharashtra
Orissa
UP
TN
Others
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Origin
Chilies and their various cultivars originate in South and Central America and are cultivated around the world as spices, vegetables and healing plants.
Chili peppers and their products have several medicinal functions as decongestants and pain killers, they are rich source of vitamin C and have antibacterial properties.
Chili is also used in pepper sprays and organic pesticides!
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Capsicum species
C. frutescens
C. fasciculatum
C. fastigiatum
C. flexuosum C. hookerianum
C. lanceolatum
C. leptopodum
C. luteum
C. microcarpum
C. minutiflorum
C. mirabile
C. parvifolium
C. praetermissum
C. schottianum
C. scolnikianum
C. stramonifolium
C. tetragonum
C. tovarii
C. villosum
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C. pendulum
C. pubescensC. minimum
C. baccatumC. abbreviatum
C. anomalum
C. breviflorum
C. buforum
C. brasilianum
C. campylopodium
C. cardenasii
C. chacoense
C. ciliare
C. ciliatum
C. chlorocladium
C. coccineum
C. cordiforme
C. cornutum
C. dimorphum
C. dusenii
C. exile
C. eximium
C. violaceum
C. frutescens
C. galapagoensis
C. geminifolum
C. chinense C. annuum
Classification of Capsicum
annuum
Kingdom Plantae
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Solanales
Family Solanaceae
Genus Capsicum
Species annuum
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Capsicum annuum
9
Capsicum frutescens
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Capsicum baccatum
12
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FLOWER
Capsicum annuum starts flowering at the axil of
the first branching node, with subsequent
flowers forming at each additional node
Usually C. annuum has a solitary flower at the
axil
The flowers are complete, with calyx, corolla,
and male and female sex organs.
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Capsicum flower is bisexual, hypogynous and usually
pentamerous
The Capsicum calyx is broadly campanulate, ribbed, about 2 mm long, and truncate or undulate to weakly or prominently dentate with 5-7 teeth.
with usually 5 but sometimes 6-7 (-8) petals in some species.
Typically the flowers have 5 stamens The pistil comprises an ovary of 2-3 carpels that is 2-5 mm long and 1.5-5 mm in diameter,
a style 3.5-6.5 mm long, and a capitate stigma slightly wider than the style.
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The nectary appears as swellings on the basal part of
the ovary. The nectariferous cells are smaller and
denser than the neighbouring parenchyma. Stomata are
present in the nectary epidermis, but do not appear on
the other parts of the ovary epidermis.
Anthesis
The daily start of anthesis apparently is controlled by daylength
The corolla typically opens within the first 3 hours after sunrise, and the petals remain open for less than a day; there also can be a smaller peak of anthesis in the afternoon. the anthers
To occur late in the morning, between 10 am and noon. Depending on the environmental conditions and variety, the period of receptivity of the stigma is
5-8 days, from several days before anthesis to fewer days afterwards, with maximum fertility on the day of
anthesis
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Pollen and fertilisation
The pollen grains of chili pepper are medium to light yellow, subspheroidal, pitted, and tricolporate with longitudinal grooves.
The plant has about 1-1.5 mg of pollen per flower with 11,000-18,000 pollen grains in a single anther.
Pollen tube growth from the stigma to the egg has been reported to take 6 to 42hrs.
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Male-sterility in peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) was first documented in the 1950’s. Since then considerable
knowledge has been accumulated on the nature of the trait, the means of its identification and induction, inheritance of both genic and cytoplasmic genic male-sterility, its line maintenance, and the potential for breeding hybrid cultivars.
Today, several internationally known seed companies use the genic mechanism msms on a large scale for producing hybrids, whereas the cytoplasmic genic source is used mainly for breeding pungent (S) Rf rf hybrids
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CGMS- reported by Peterson (1958)
Hirose and Takashima (1963), Anikeenko (1973)
Not exploited by public and private sector
Reasons-
Hand emasculation and pollination is practicable and feasible
large no. of seeds set/fruit/crossing
CMS-limit no. of lines if they are not complete restorers
Non-CMS based hybrids ensure greater genetic diversity
-stable and sustainable production
CMS- only ease emasculation
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Fruit
There is extensive diversity in fruit shape, size, wall thickness and fleshiness colour and pungency
blocky bell-shaped, globose, oblong (sausage-shaped), ovoid, conical, cylindrical, banana like (curved); and smooth, grooved, lumpy or wrinkled.. Morphologically the Capsicum fruit is a berry
Green stage- 35-50 days after the flower is pollinated.
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Chilli thrips
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Chilli anthacnose
Generally reported as the
most serious disease
Chillis grown under hot,
humid conditions
E.g. in India (reports 1985-
2006):
10-85% loss pre harvest
10-32% loss post harvest
Damage caused after all
crop production costs
incurred.
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Chilli wilt
24
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