CANCER ,RISK FACTORS FOR CANCER WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BREAST CANCER AND LEUKEMIA

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Group MembersGroup MembersNoor-e-Hira 11Muhammad tahir waseem 28

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CANCERCANCER• Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal

cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems.

OncologyOncology  • Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer. A

medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist.• Oncology is concerned with:• The diagnosis of any cancer in a person .• Therapy (e.g. surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy )

FORMATION OF CANCER FORMATION OF CANCER CELLSCELLS

  TumorTumor• A tumor, also known as a neoplasm, is an abnormal

mass of tissue which may be solid or fluid-filled. A tumor does not mean cancer - tumors can be benign (not cancerous), pre-malignant

Types of TumorTypes of Tumor• Not all tumors are cancerous; tumors can be benign

or malignant.• Benign tumors aren't cancerous. They can often be

removed, and, in most cases, they do not come back. Cells in benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.

• Malignant tumors are cancerous. Cells in these tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis.

TYPES OF CANCERTYPES OF CANCER• Cancer types can be grouped into broader categories. The main categories of cancer include:

• Carcinoma - cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.

• Sarcoma - cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or tissue.

• Leukemia - cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.

• Lymphoma and myeloma - cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.

• Central nervous system cancers - cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.

RISK FACTORS OF CANCERRISK FACTORS OF CANCERYour age Cancer can take decades to develop. That's why most people diagnosed

with cancer are 65 or older. While it's more common in older adults, cancer isn't exclusively an adult disease — cancer can be diagnosed at any age.

Your habits Certain lifestyle choices are known to increase your risk of cancer.

Smoking, drinking more than one drink a day (for women of all ages and everyone older than age 65) or two drinks a day (for men age 65 and younger), excessive exposure to the sun or frequent blistering sunburns, being obese.

Your family history Only a small portion of cancers are due to an inherited condition. If cancer

is common in your family, it's possible that mutations are being passed from one generation to the next.

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Your environment:The environment around you may contain harmful

chemicals that can increase your risk of cancer. Even if you don't smoke, you might inhale secondhand smoke if you go where people are smoking or you live with someone who smokes. Chemicals in your home or workplace, such as asbestos and benzene, also are associated with an increased risk of cancer.

Your health conditions:Some chronic health conditions, such as ulcer, can

markedly increase your risk of developing certain cancers.

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Types of laboratory tests to diagnose Types of laboratory tests to diagnose cancercancer

• Blood tests• Urinalysis

What is breast cancer?What is breast cancer?

• Breast cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the breast.Breast cancer forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts and lobules It occurs in both men and women.

Types of breast cancerTypes of breast cancer

• Ductal carcinoma is the most common form of breast cancer. Ductal carcinoma can be invasive with the potential to spread or noninvasive. This form of breast cancer accounts for about one in five new cases.

• Lobular carcinoma (cancer) occurs in the milk-producing glands, called the lobules. Lobular breast cancer can be noninvasive or invasive with potential to spread. About one in 10 breast cancer cases are invasive lobular cancer.

SYMPTOMS OF BREAST SYMPTOMS OF BREAST CANCERCANCER

• a lump or area of thickened tissue in either breast• a change in the size or shape of one or both breasts• a lump or swelling in either of your armpits• dimpling on the skin of your breasts• pain in either of your breasts or armpits.

RISK FACTORSRISK FACTORS1. Gender2. Age3. Family history4. Alcohal use 5. Radiation exposure6. Smoking

What genes are related to breast cancer?What genes are related to breast cancer?

• Variations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase the risk of developing breast cancer loacted on chromosome no.21.

Tests for breast cancerTests for breast cancer

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Diagnostic testsDiagnostic tests Diagnostic tests are given to people who are suspected

of having breast cancer, either because of symptoms they may be experiencing or a screening test result. These tests are used to determine whether or not breast cancer is present and, if so, whether or not it has traveled outside the breast. Diagnostic tests also are used to gather more information about the cancer to guide decisions about treatment.

Monitoring testsMonitoring tests• Once breast cancer is diagnosed, many tests are used

during and after treatment to monitor how well therapies are working. Monitoring tests also may be used to check for any signs of recurrence.

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MammographyMammography  • Mammography is the process of using low-energy X-rays

(usually around 30 kVp) to examine the human breast and is used as a diagnostic and a screening tool. The goal of mammography is the early detection of breast cancer, typically through detection of characteristic masses.

Prevelance of cancer In Pakistan Prevelance of cancer In Pakistan According to Age groupsAccording to Age groups

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LEUKEMIALEUKEMIA• Leukemia or leukaemia is a type of cancer of

the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blooD cells.

• Leukemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases. In turn, it is part of the even broader group of diseases affecting the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid system.

AFFECTAFFECT• Leukemia can affect people at any age.• In 2000 approximately 256,000 children and adults

around the world had developed some form of leukemia, and 209,000 have died from it.

•  About 90% of all leukemias are diagnosed in adults.[

Acute and Chronic LeukemiasAcute and Chronic Leukemias

• Acute: Usually develops quickly. The number of leukemia cells increases rapidly, and

these abnormal cells don't do the work of normal white blood cells.

People with acute leukemia may feel very tired and get infections often.

• Chronic: Usually develops slowly. The leukemia cells work almost as well as normal white

blood cells. People may not feel sick at first, and the first sign of

illness may be abnormal results on a routine blood test.

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Myeloid and Lymphoid Myeloid and Lymphoid LeukemiasLeukemias

• Myeloid:

Leukemia that starts in myeloid cells is called myeloid leukemia.

• Lymphoid:

Leukemia that starts in lymphoid cells is called lymphoid or lymphocytic leukemia. Lymphoid leukemia cells may collect in the lymph nodes, which become swollen.

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Symptoms of leukemiaSymptoms of leukemia

RISK FACTORS OF LEUKEMIARISK FACTORS OF LEUKEMIAPrevious cancer treatment. People

who've had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other cancers have an increased risk of developing of leukemia.

Genetic disorders. Genetic abnormalities seem to play a role in the development of leukemia. Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with increased risk of leukemia.

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Certain blood disorders. People who have been diagnosed with certain blood disorders, such as myelodysplastic syndromes, may have an increased risk of leukemia.

Exposure to high levels of radiation. People exposed to very high levels of radiation, such as survivors of a nuclear reactor accident, have an increased risk of developing leukemia.

Exposure to certain chemicals. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene — which is found in gasoline.

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Smoking. Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of acute leukemia.

Family history of leukemia. If members of your family have been diagnosed with leukemia, your risk of the disease may be increased

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Genetic mutationGenetic mutationThe inherited genetic mutation is located in a

gene called PAX5, which is known to play a role in the development of cancer.

PAX5, a transcription factor or "master gene," regulates the activity of several other genes and is essential for maintaining the identity and function of B cells.

In all study participants, one of the two copies of the PAX5 gene was missing, leaving only the mutated version.

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DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS• Following diagnosis:• Blood chemistry tests can be used to determine the degree of

liver and kidney damage or the effects of chemotherapy on the patient.

• When concerns arise about visible damage due to leukemia • doctors may use an X-ray• MRI• UltrasoundThese can potentially view leukemia's effects on such body parts as

bones (X-ray), the brain (MRI), or the kidneys, spleen, and liver (ultrasound).

TREATMENT BY THERAPIESTREATMENT BY THERAPIES• The goal of treatment for leukemia is to destroy the leukemia

cells and allow normal cells to form in your bone marrow. Treatment decisions are based on the kind of leukemia,  its stage,general health.

Induction therapy kills leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow. Treatments include chemotherapy and corticosteroids. Induction usually lasts 4 weeks and is done in a hospital.

Consolidation therapy 

Kills any leukemia cells that may be present even though they don't show up in tests.

Treatments include more chemotherapy and may include stem cell transplant.

This step may also includemtreatment of the brain or spinal cord with radiation or chemotherapy.

Consolidation usually takes several months but doesn't require staying overnight in the hospital.

Maintenance therapy 

Also prevents any remaining leukemia cells from growing. This may be done using lower doses of chemotherapy than those used during consolidation.

Chemotherapy is given with pills and once-a-month intravenous (IV) treatment.

Maintenance is often continued for up to 3 years, but during this time, most people are able to go back to being as active as they were before beginning treatment.

REFERENCESREFERENCEShttp://cancerres.aacrjournals.orgen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer _Research

_journalwww.journals.elsevier.com/clinical-breast-cancerwww.la-press.com/breast-cancer-basic-and-

clinical-research-journalwww.journals.elsevier.com/leukemia-researchwww.sciencedirect.com/science/journal

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