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HarvestPlus c/o IFPRI2033 K Street, NW • Washington, DC 20006-1002 USATel: 202-862-5600 • Fax: [email protected] • www.HarvestPlus.org
The Role Of Biofortification As Part Of More Diverse
Diets In Africa Progress, Challenges, And
Opportunities
Bho Mudyahoto
Senior Monitoring, Learning and Evaluation Specialist, HarvestPlus
ReSAKSS 2016 Conference | October 20, 2016 | Accra
Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Current Evidence
• Challenges
• Opportunities
• Key Messages
Micronutrient Deficiency Affects 2 billion people worldwide (i.e. 1 in 3)
(FAO 2013)
Contributes to the global disease burden
Poor quality diets is one of the major causes– High intake of starchy staple foods
(e.g. rice, maize, cassava)
– Low intake of micronutrient-rich foods (e.g. vegetables, legumes, animal source foods)
High prevalence of micronutrient deficiency Africa
Global Micronutrient Deficiency
Fighting Micronutrient Deficiency
Supplementation Fortification
BiofortificationDietary diversity
B I O F O R T I F I C A T I O N
Biofortification is a process of increasing the density of nutrients e.g.
vitamins and minerals in a crop through plant breeding or agronomic
practices, so that the biofortified crops, when consumed regularly, will generate measurable improvement in vitamin and mineral nutritional status.
3
1 2
It all started with…
Dr. Howarth Bouis2016 World Food Prize Laureate
Are farmers willing to grow and are
consumers willing to eat biofortified
crops?
Can conventional breeding add extra
nutrients in the crops without
reducing yields?
When consumed, can the increase in
nutrient levels make a measurable and
significant impact on human nutrition?
After several years of research & delivery…..
Yes, we now know that biofortification is
feasible & effective!
Extra micronutrients in biofortified crops can significantly improve micronutrient status
of consumers
Conventional breeding can add extra
nutrients in crops without reducing
yields
Farmers are willing to grow and consumers
are willing to eat biofortified crops and their products
Current Evidence: Breeding of Biofortified
Crops
Vitamin ASweet Potato
Uganda(2007)
Biofortified Crops in Africa
Vitamin AMaizeZambia(2012)
Iron Beans
Rwanda & DRC(2012)
Vitamin ACassava
Nigeria & DRC(2011)
Breeding, Testing & Release of Varieties
• HarvestPlus/CG/NARS develop, test & release
• NARS release and keep improving nutrient levels and other production traits
• Biofortified germplasm public goods to governments
• Over 20 African countries are now developing, testing & releasing several biofortified crop varieties
Status of biofortified varieties in Africa
Status of biofortifiedcrop varieties
Iron beans
Yellow cassava
Orange maize
Orange sweet
potatoes
Number of countries tested in 6 8 10 > 14
Number of countries released in 6 5 7 > 14
Number of varieties released 28 10 31 > 90
Source: HarvestPlus (2016)
Current Evidence: Nutrition
• When consumed regularly and in sufficient quantities biofortified crops can deliver significant % of EAR for iron, zinc, or vitamin A (Li et al. 2010; La Frano et al. 2013; Rosado et al. 2009; Cercamondi et al. 2013)
• Efficacy trials for vitamin A crops and iron beans provide good evidence that biofortification improves micronutrient status among target populations
• 9.5% reduction in prevalence of low serum retinol in women and children due to significant intake of OSP (Hotz et al., 2012)
• OSP accounted for more than half of total vitamin A intake – 53% in Uganda and 78% in Mozambique (Hotz et al., 2012)
Current Evidence: Reach, Adoption &
Consumption
Number of households reached in Africa (‘000)
Crop/country 2012 2013 2014 2015 Vit A cassava, Nigeria 0 106 360 528
Vit A SP, Uganda 33 76 107 132
Iron beans, Uganda 29 69 43 37
Iron beans, Rwanda 105 609 332 453
Iron beans, DR Congo 60 241 128 175
Vit A cassava, DRC 0 25 75 180
Vit A maize, Zambia 0 11 104 110
Total 227 1,137 1,149 1,634
Adoption: Socio-Economic Evidence (1)
• Orange-Fleshed Sweet potato (OSP) Effectiveness Study in Uganda and Mozambique (de Brauw et al., 2010)– 61% (Uganda) and 68% (Mozambique) adoption rate of OSP– Farmers increased % share of OSP in total sweet potato cultivated area
and consumers substituted non-OSP varieties for OSP varieties– Intervention cost about US$15–20 per DALY saved highly cost-
effective
• Vit A Cassava Consumer Acceptance in Nigeria (Oparinde et al., 2014)
– Information on nutritional benefits positivehas an effect on level of acceptance; farmers preferred gari made with vitamin A cassava versus local white gari
High Iron Beans (HIBs) Impact Assessment Study in Rwanda
• 28% HIB adoption since 2010 ≈ Half a million HHs
• 54% continuous or intermittent adopters
• Increase in area under HIB over time
• 12% of total bean output in SB 2015 was HIB
• Social networks play a major role in diffusion– 41% received first planting material from friend or neighbor
(Asare-Marfo et al., 2016)
Adoption: Socio-Economic Evidence (2)
• High phytate content in crops being developed for high iron or zinc interfere with their absorption
• β-carotene levels vs DM content in OSP & VAC
• Invisible trait crops iron and zinc: – Adulteration/falsification along the value chain
• Barriers to scale-up
• Seed production is a constraint in many countries– Low access by the poor– Seed companies not interested in root & tuber crops – Seed quality control
Challenges
• Wide range of varieties available
• Success of the 2nd Global Conference on Biofortification Kigali Declaration
• Increased stakeholder interest in Biofortification
• HarvestPlus developed an online, interactive BPI tool a global map
• Biofortification Priority Index (BPI) assisting investors
Opportunities for Scaling Up Biofortification
BPI for Vit A Maize & HIB
Source: Asare-Marfo et al. (2013)
• Integration of biofortification – Crop development programs– National regional & international policies & strategies– International standards Codex Alimentarius
• Mainstreaming of biofortification by CG & NARS
• License seed companies to produce & market
• A critical mass of partners WVI, WFP
• Engaging partners to ensure enabling environment CAADP, SUN
• Facilitate and strengthen international trade
Opportunities for Mainstreaming Biofortification
• Evidence demonstrates that Biofortification is feasible & effective– Conventional breeding can add extra nutrients – Farmers are willing to grow, consumers willing to eat– Added micronutrients can improve nutritional status of consumers
• Varietal development, dissemination and utilization challenges exist but are surmountable
• PPP at national, regional & global level are key to scaling up biofortification
• BPI useful tool to guide investment in biofortification
• Mainstreaming biofortification at institutional, program, policy, regional and global level crucial for sustainability
Key Messages
Thank you!