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General Patterns General Patterns of World Tourism of World Tourism
Name: v.s.NadageriName: v.s.NadageriSemester : 3Semester : 3rdrd
Reg No: 1660195Reg No: 1660195
General Patterns of World General Patterns of World TourismTourism
Learning objectives : • Discuss factors influencing tourism• Describe the historical development of
travel and tourism• Understand the character of international
tourism• Identify the different impacts of tourism
General Patterns of World General Patterns of World TourismTourism
• In 1979, famed futurist Herman Kahn predicted that tourism would be the world’s largest industry by the year 2000
• 1986 – exceeded 2 trillion dollars, 64.3 million jobs
• 1999 – exceeded 3.6 trillion dollars, employment 200 million
General Patterns of World General Patterns of World TourismTourism
Defining tourism1) Movement of people between two or
more places (origin and destination)2) Length of time of movement
(temporary)3) Purpose
General Patterns of World General Patterns of World TourismTourism
UN’s divided visitors into two categories :-1. Tourists are temporary visitors2. Excursionists staying less twenty-four
hours in the country visited
Factors influencing tourismFactors influencing tourism
• Leisure Time• Affluence• Mobility
Historical development of travel Historical development of travel and tourismand tourism
Ancient times• People did not travel in ancient times• 3 elements :- a) money b) ability to
communicate c) transportation• Transportation is the most important
among the three factors
Historical development of travel Historical development of travel and tourismand tourism
Roman era• Height of early tourism• Factors emerged a) common coinage b)
language c) legal system
Early International TourismEarly International Tourism
• Growth of a middle class• Achievements in art and thought of the
Renaissance• Forerunner of modern tourism – The
Grand Tour
Early International TourismEarly International Tourism
• Late in the 1800s and early 1900s, seaside and mountain resorts became fashionable places for the wealthy
• Coastal areas in France and Britain became havens for the wealthy in terms of spa
Current International Patterns of Current International Patterns of TourismTourism
• Increased steadily since the end of WWII• 1960s, number of world tourist arrivals
more than doubled• 1970 – 183 million, 2000 – 700 million• Growth in number of arrivals has been
greatest in the low-income nations of the world leading to better economy, higher standard of living etc. China
Character of international Character of international tourismtourism
• Interaction between places (tourism) function of time and cost
• Distance increases lead to tourism interaction between places decreases
• Costs increase tourism interaction decreases
Character of international Character of international tourismtourism
Destination regions :-
a) Primary
b) Secondary
Character of international Character of international tourismtourism
Primary Destination (2-35 days) :-a) Friends and Family e.g. stay longer and
visit frequentlyb) Exotic e.g. perception of the potential
visitor based on historical, environment, culture, mega events and sun-sea-sand varies from person to person
Character of international Character of international tourismtourism
Secondary Destination (1 – 10 days)a) Shadow Effect e.g. near other major
destinationsb) Grand Tour e.g. Usually shorter in length
compared to sixteenth to nineteenth century Europe, Eurail pass leads to multiple country visits in Europe
Character of international Character of international tourismtourism
c) Path Destinations e.g. located between popular destinations on transportation paths, attract tourists that are travelling from an origin to a destination
Character of international Character of international tourismtourism
d) Transit Destinations :- revolves around point of change, type of carrier, major change in route e.g. promoting
Singapore as a SE Asia hub
Travel PatternsTravel Patterns
• Proximity• Presence or absence of international
connectivity, including business, political, military and other ties
• Type and degree of service offered• General attractiveness• Cost of travelling
Influence of TourismInfluence of Tourism
A) EconomicB) Social and culturalC) Environmental
Economic ImpactEconomic Impact
• Providing foreign exchange and tax revenues needed by many nations
• Raise standard of living of their citizens• Help a country’s balance of payments
Economic ImpactEconomic Impact
Tourism income benefits countries in manyways :-• Money flows into the economy• Generated for the governments e.g. taxes• Creates employment e.g. Tourism &
Hospitality industry
Economic ImpactEconomic Impact
Negative economic impacts :-• Seasonal• Inflation e.g. too many Singaporeans
visiting JB, Malaysia• Demand for “hard currency” is so high
Social and Cultural impactSocial and Cultural impact
• Development of cultural understanding• Traditional folk costumes and customs are
reestablished to benefit tourists• Return of immigrants or their descendants
that bring them closer to ancestral homeland
• Patterns of food consumption
Social and Cultural impactSocial and Cultural impact
Responsibilities of a good visitor :-• Never compared your home country with
the host country• Make efforts to understand its local culture• Appreciate what the local culture can offer• Be patient and tolerance
Environmental impactEnvironmental impact
• Tourists attracted to scenic harbors, waterfalls, large lakes surrounded by high mountains or volcanoes
• May threaten the natural beauty• Increased visits may lead to damaging the
environment e.g. Great Barrier• Ensured effective plans to balance tourism
and the environment
Environmental impactEnvironmental impact
• Preexisting forms characterize an area’s human and physical environment before being “discovered” as a major tourist destination area e.g. development of coastal resorts and cities
• Concerned with pollution of surrounding areas e.g. East Coast Park, Singapore
Environmental impactEnvironmental impact
• Location and development can be controlled carefully by the local and federal governments
• Carrying capacity :- level of tourism development that can occur in the destination
• Ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel to natural areas that helps to preserve the area being visited
Environmental impactEnvironmental impact
Includes :-a) Pollution e.g. automobiles, taxis,
buses, and aircraftb) Vegetation e.g. large number of
visitors that overwhelm an area and physical abuse to the vegetation
Environmental impactEnvironmental impact
c) Wildlife e.g. wildlife changes result from the killing of animals or birds
and the disruption
d) Natural Landscapes e.g. construction results in the encroachment of
facilities or buildings
SummarySummary
• Different impacts of tourism will occur whenever a country welcomes foreign and local tourists.
• Those who work in the industry will understand the various factors in influencing tourism better.
• We will understand how travel and tourism evolves over time during western civilization
THANK THANK
YOUYOUBY –
V.S.NADAGER
I