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Evaluating The Performance Of Late Sown Wheat Under Foliar Application Of Zinc

Muhammad Yaseen B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture

Supervisor: Dr. Abdul Sattar Department of AGRONOMY

University College of Agriculture, BZU LAYYAH

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Scientific Name Triticum aestivum

L.

Family Poaceae

English Name Wheat

Local Name Kanak

Classification of WHEAT

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Wheat is grown about 80 percent of farmers, and covers about 40% of the total cultivated area

(Grain and Feed Annual 2015, Pakistan)

Wheat Area Harvested by Province 2015

Punjab 6.84(mha).

Sindh 1.04(mha).

WHEAT

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Average yield production

Country China

India

Italy

Pakistan

Yields t/ha 4.61

4.30

3.57

2.79

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Causes of low yield

• Non availability of good quality seed. • Imbalance use of fertilizers• Weed Attack• Attack of diseases.• Plant population• Irrigation scheduling• Late sowing of wheat.

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Each day delay Sowing of wheat in 15th

November onward Decreases spike length, Number of spikelet’s per spike, plant height, grains weight and whole yield.

Wheat Grow in Delay sown

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Wheat is delay sown in on 220 million hectares

around the world with 564.6 million tons production,

Area that is under the delay sowing of wheat is total wheat area: 6.719 million acres which 76 percent of the total production of food grains .

Nazir et al. (2000) & PAK-SCMS,(2013)

A Major Problem of Wheat Under Delay Sowing

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Time planting of wheat and consequently temperature

is optimum and yields also increases ( Hall, 2001, Sattar et al., 2010) Optimum mean temperature for wheat at grain filling

stage is 20-25ºC. (Dupont and Altenbach, 2014)

Increase of 1ºC than optimum reduced the yield up to 3-4% .

(Wardlaw et al., 2015)

A Major Problem of Wheat Under Delay Sowing

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Global climate models predict an increase in mean

ambient temperatures between 1.8 and 5.8 oC by the end of this century.

(IPCC, 2007) Future climates will also be affected by greater variability

in temperature and increased frequency of hot days. (Semenov, 2009; Pittock, 2003) Trends in increasing growing season temperatures have

already been reported for the major wheat-producing regions.

(Alexander et al., 2006; Hennessy et al., 2008)

A Major Problem of Wheat Under Delay Sowing

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Even short period of high temperature (35–40ºC), during

grain filling, could have a negative effect on yield and quality. (Ciaffi et al.,2008)

High temperature reduced both the grain growth duration and grain growth rate in wheat varieties.

(Viswanathan and Khanna-Chopra, 2009)

Temperatures >30 oC, during floret formation, may cause complete sterility.

(Farooq et al., 2011

A Major Problem of Wheat Under Delay Sowing

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Role of Zinc

Zinc (Zn) is one of the essential micronutrients

It is needed by plants in small amounts, but yet crucial to plant development.

In plants, zinc is a key constituent of many enzymes storage and proteins.[Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. Carbonic anhydrase. Carboxy peptidase ] [speed up this hydrolysis reaction]

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Zinc application create tolerance against

heat stress. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › PubMed Central

(PMC) Zinc maintains the photosynthesis process

and chlorophyll concentration increase and then finally grain yield increases.

www.slideshare.net/.../evaluating-the-performance-of-normal-sown-wheat synopsis

ZINC

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High temperature has become a global

concern, which seriously affects the growth and production of plants, particularly crops

Zinc Protect food production and ensure crop safety.

Zinc the proteins and pathways have formed a basic network of the heat stress response.

www.slideshare.net/.../evaluating-the-performance-of-normal-sown-wheat-synopsis

Role of zinc against heat stress

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Objective

To determine best sowing time with respect to changing climate over the world.

Identify the best Zn level and with respect to yield and quality of wheat grain.

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Materials & Methods

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Experiment Site

Experimental site college of agriculture,

Layyah

Sowing time Nov 24,10dec,24 Jan

Cultivar Galaxy 2013

Design RCBD

Plot size 1.5m - 6.0m

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T1 No spray T2 Control [ Hydro ] T3 0.25 ppm Zn T4 0.50 ppm Zn T5 0.75 ppm Zn T6 1.00 ppm Zn

Level of Zinc Apply

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Recommended doses of Zn 0.25 % was

applied. Recommended Zn 0.50 %was applied. Recommended doses of Zn 0.75 % was

applied. Full doses of zinc was applied on booting Crop was sown with the help of hand drill. keeping line to line distance of 22cm apart

Level of Zinc Apply

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Zinger applied. ZnSo4. Molecular weight 161mg. O4[16] 64 mg. S 32 mg Zn 65 mg 65----------161 1--------------161/65 100---------161/65*100 =248.5 mg Zn

Source of Zinc

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Collection of data

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Parameters

Total Number of tillers (m-1)

Plant height at maturity (cm)

Spike length (cm)

Number of spikelet’s per spike

Number of grains per spike

1000-grain weight (g)

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Biological yield (m2)

Harvest Index (%) Grain yields/ Biological yields * 100

Parameters

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Statistical analysis

The data collected for all the parameters will be

subjected to Fischer’s analysis of variance

techniques.

Analysis will be carried out by using the software

STATISTIX 8.1.

(Steel et al., 1997)

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References

Potarzycki, J. and W. Grzebisz, 2009, Maralian, H., 2009. Marschner, H., 1995.

5. Romheld, V. and H. Marachner 1995, Cakmak, I. and H. Marschner, 1986.

IZA., 2009. Cakmak, I., 2008. Rengel, Z. and R.D. Graham, 1995, Baskin, C.C. and J.M. Baskin, 1998. 15. Zeidan, M.S., 2001. Snedecor, G.W. and W.G. Cochran, 1990. Statistical, Potarzycki, J. and W. Grzebisz, 2009

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References

Zeidan, M.S. and O.A. Nofal, 2002. Gurmani, A.H., B.H. Shahani, M.A. Khan, 1988.

Maralian, H., 2009. Romheld, V. and H. Marachner 1995. Cakmak,

1997. IZA., 2009. Cakmak, I., 2008. WHO, 2002. World Health Report 2002:

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Supervisor

Supervisor