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Speaker : Professor Candice ChristiePresentation Title : Putting the worker at the centre of the ‘human-machine’ interface
IntroductionOur health affects our work
IntroductionAnd our work affects our health in many ways
Introduction
The uniqueness of the work environment in South Africa
IntroductionIndustrially Developing Countries have a vast array of:
• Cultures
• Availability of resources
• Levels of infrastructure
• Work environments/conditions
O’Neill (2000)
IntroductionSouth African context:
• South Africa is a middle income country• Extremes of wealth and poverty• Technologically advanced • Preponderance of manual work• Very diverse work situations
Introduction
• Differing levels of education• Differing socio-economic strata• Living conditions• Nutritional habits• Physical work at home/after hours• Disease patterns
IntroductionHow work affects our health
How work affects our health
Physical affects of work: FatigueLEVEL Oxygen
consumption(mlO2.kg-1.min-1)
Energy Expenditure (kcal.min-1)
Heart Rate(bt.min-1)
Light 6.1-15.2 2.0-4.9 >90Moderate 15.3-22.9 5.0-7.4 90-110Heavy 23.0-30.6 7.5-9.9 110-130Very Heavy 30.7-38.3 10.0-12.4 130-150Unduly Heavy 38.4- 12.5- <150
Saunders and McCormick, 1992
Physical affects of work: SA example
Christie, 2008
Variable 1st Quarter
2nd Quarter
3rd Quarter
4th Quarter
WHR(bt.min-1)
121(11.1)
119(12.5)
126(12.5)
127(13.3)
VO2
(ml.kg-1.min-1)19.9(6.5)
18.8(6.3)
21.8(6.8)
22.9(7.2)
EE(kJ.min-1)
26.4(8.6)
24.9(8.2)
28.8 (8.6)
30.3(9.4)
Physical aspects of work
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32O
xyge
n C
onsu
mpt
ion
(ml.k
g-1.m
in-1)
Task A Task B
*
Physical aspects of work
Body mass loss: 1.94 kgChristie, 2008
Physical aspects of work
Energy Deficit: 8661.8 kJChristie, 2008
Physical aspects of work
Christie et al., 2008
TASK Heart Rate(bt.min-1)
Oxygen Uptake(ml.kg-
1.min-1)
Oxygen Uptake(L.min-1)
Cutting122(14)
21.42(8.97)
1.29(0.54)
Topping 117(14)
19.63(8.38)
1.19(0.50)
Stacking 125(17)
22.96(8.67)
1.38(0.51)
Overall121(15)
21.34(8.41)
1.29(0.50)
Physical aspects of work
Log
Mass
ActionCompressive Force
(N)
Shearing Force(N)
10 kg 1 hand 1213 286
2 hand 2924 333
60 kg 1 hand 3593 854
2 hand 10794 996
120 kg 1 hand 5398 1308
2 hand 18370 1526
Christie et al., 2008
Physical aspects of work
Todd, 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 3 5 7 8 10
Time (s)
Posi
tion(
Deg
rees
) and
Vel
ocity
(m.s
-1)
Lateral velocitySagittal PositionTwisting velocity
Psychological aspects of workWork schedules
Psychological aspects of workCommuting to work
Psychological aspects of workBalancing work and family
Psychological aspects of workControl at work, demands and decision latitude
• High psychological demands
• High levels of decision making authority
• High levels of skill utilization
• ‘Decision latitude’
= self esteem and self efficacy
Psychological aspects of workControl at work, demands and decision latitude
• Jobs that make high demands
• Offer little ‘decision latitude’
= Job Strain= More likely to suffer psychological distress= Higher risk of CDL= Higher risk for unhealthy coping behaviours
Psychological aspects of workBalance between efforts and rewards
High Efforts
Low Rewards= poor health
HealthOur health affects our work
Quadruple burden of disease
The Lancet 2009 374, 934-947DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61087-4)
Impact of health on work performance
High work demands
Poor health
= less productive
Incidence of Poverty
World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization:
“Wealth of the poor people is in their individual capabilities and their ‘assets’, the most important being their health
which is their most precious commodity”
World Health Organization• Good health enables poor people to participate in the job market
• It is the key to productivity particularly in a people dominated working environment
• Physically healthy, strong body is an asset
• While a sick and weak body is a liability both to employee and employer
Coupled with nutritional statusPROTEI
N(g)
FAT(g)
CHO(g)
TOTAL ENERG
Y(kJ)
RDA 65.0 30.0-80.0
100.0 8000.0
Group 1
40.5 26.7 110.9 3949.1
Group 2
56.2 23.1 186.8 5346.0
Christie, 2008
Basic Human Needs
Self-Actualisation
Esteem
Love
Safety
Biological and Physiological Needs
Adapted from Abraham Maslow (1943)
South Africa’s unique environment
HIV/AIDS;Infectious diseases
5.3 mill South Africans with HIV/AIDS (UNAID, 2003)
Non-communicable Diseases
Bradshaw et al, NCDs: a race against time
Non-communicable Diseases
Bradshaw et al, NCDs: a race against time
Non-communicable Diseases
Bradshaw et al, NCDs: a race against time
DALYs in IDCs in 2004
(Econex, NHI Note 2, 2009)
DALYs for developed countries 2004
(Econex, NHI Note 2, 2009)
Absolute burden of disease
(Econex, NHI Note 2, 2009)
(Econex, NHI Note 2, 2009)
Solutions
1. Worksite Wellness Programmes
2. ‘Fitting the Job for Total Worker Health’
Solutions
Worksite Wellness
Programmes:
‘Change behaviours’
Work itself:
‘Causes behaviours’
Work impacts:
1. Eating and exercise patterns
2. Lack of decision-making are strongly associated with:
• obesity, • alcohol consumption, • smoking and,• lack of exercise
Ergonomics Solution – an exampleImproved work organization:
Time, space, material and, social support for:
Improvements in: Dietary choices, smoking cessation, participation in exercise, and improved work-family balance
Where does Ergonomics fit in?• Occupational ergonomics is the science of ‘fitting the task to the worker’
• It is not only concerned with work station design or preventing MSDs
• It provides a framework to address the workplace preconditions of the job stress
Ergonomics and WWPErgonomists:
Address the broad range of work organization issues such as job design to:
• Increase decision latitude • Optimize work schedules • Improve quality of supervision
Engaging an ergonomist can remove obstacles to programme participation and increase trust in employers
Participatory Approach
Participatory ergonomics offers a useful model for programme design starting with engaging workers themselves in identifying their health priorities and
environmental factors that affect their health
Ways to incorporate Ergonomics1. Partner with your organizational team
2. In programme goals and activities accommodate for the physical and social demands of workers
3. Use a participatory approach
Thank you!
Prof. Candice ChristieDepartment of Human Kinetics and ErgonomicsRhodes [email protected]@CandiceHKE