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Lunch + Learn: Equity + Tool Boxes AICP CM 1.5 Sharing massive amounts of information. That's what the Information Station does. The Boston-based Metropolitan Area Planning Council and the Dukakis Center for Urban and Regional Policy at Northeastern University created two station area planning tools: a station area typology to characterize the conditions and opportunities for TOD; and a rating system to measure the capacity for equitable TOD within a transit station area. Realizing the value of the demographic, land use, transportation and economic data collected for 300+ rapid transit, commuter rail, ferry and key bus route stations, the two organizations made the underlying data available through a user-friendly web portal funded from a HUD Sustainable Communities grant. Lunch and learn how the data's being put to use. Stephanie Pollack, Associate Director, Dukakis Center for Urban and Regional Policy, Boston, Massachusetts
Citation preview
HOW CAN EQUITY IN TOD BE DEFINED AND MEASURED?
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
• No consensus definition of equitable TOD, therefore there is no way to distinguish “good” from “not as good” equitable TOD• Metrics needed in order to shape
both approvals and subsidy decisions
• Rating systems exist at project level (e.g. Transform’s GreenTrip) but not at level of the station area• The “best” type of project varies
depending on what is and isn’t available in the station area
Developing a TOD rating system
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
Why in Massachusetts? VMT data!!
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
The Dukakis Center’s TOD framework:Focus on people, as well as place
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
OPTION ONE: TOD & equity sub-scores
Mixed-income housing
Enhanced accessNeighborhood
amenities
Higher ridershipLower VMT
Catalytic TOD
Higher Ridership/Lower VMT
Greater EquityOutcomes
EquitableTOD
TOD Rating
Equity Rating
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
• For “transit orientation” we know the desired outcome – less driving, more transit use• Analyze factors using daily household Vehicle
Miles Travelled as the “dependent variable”• For “equity orientation” it is more difficult to define a
single desired outcome• One option would be to construct an equity
“scale” • Or, use a less quantitative approach and focus on
factors relevant to equity
But what is the equity “outcome”?
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
OPTION TWO: One integrated rating system
• Higher ridership• Lower VMT• Catalytic TOD
• Mixed-income housing
• Enhanced access• Neighborhood
amenities
TOD Rating
Equity Rating
Equitable TOD
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
• The Dukakis Center’s research supports the conclusion that TOD should be oriented toward people most likely to use transit, a group the Center calls “core riders”• For TOD to succeed, transit needs “transit oriented
neighbors”• If both Transit and Development are “oriented” toward
core riders, the resulting TOD should be both high performing and equitable
Equitable TOD = Orienting Transit and Development Toward Core Riders
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
Who are the “core” users of transit?
• Immigrants • People of color • Zero Vehicle
Households • Renters • Low and Lower
Middle Income Households
Chu, 2012. An Assessment of Public Transportation Markets Using NHTS Data.
Imm
igran
ts
Hispan
ics
Blacks
(non
-Hisp
anic)
Whit
es (n
on-H
ispan
ic)0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
10.6%15.1%
12.1%
67.5%
30.4% 29.0%32.2% 31.3%
Percent of US Population Percent of Transit Market
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
Core riders: Zero vehicle households
American Community Survey 2005-2009 5-year data, Table S0802
National Boston Minneapolis SF/ Oakland0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
36.0%
26.0%22.4% 21.0%
31.1%36.6%
30.3%33.7%
32.8% 37.4% 47.2% 45.3%
4.3%6.7%
2.8%6.6%
Public Transportation Users Distribution by Vehicle Ownership
2+ vehicles available
1 vehicle available
No vehicle available
MSA No vehicle available
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
Core riders: Renters
American Community Survey 2005-2009 5-year data, Table S0802
National Boston Minneapolis SF/ Oakland0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
29.8% 30.8%
21.7%
41.1%
58.6%54.9%
45.7%
58.1%
Percent Renters
MSA Average Public Transportation Average
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
Residential density and
average daily VMT have a very
strong curvilinear relationship.
At a certain threshold
(approximately 10 households
per acre), driving drops
dramatically. There is very little
variation along the curve,
suggesting that density is one
of the strongest predictors of
VMT that we analyzed.
Relationship of residential density and VMT
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
The relationship
between percentage or
renters and average
daily VMT is generally
strongly negative: the
higher the proportion of
renters, the lower the
average daily household
VMT.
Relationship of proportion of renters and VMT
Average Daily
VMT
per Household
Percentage of renters
The eTOD Score rating system
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
TransitAvailability, quality, connectivity, and use of public transit
OrientationDemographic and socioeconomic orientation toward transit usage
DevelopmentPresence of existing transit-oriented development with higher densities and mix of uses
Components of eTOD Score
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
First Dimension: Transit
Metric Measure
Transit
Transit Accessibility
Transit Access Shed Index (TAS)
Transit Connectivity
Transit Connectivity Index (TCI)
Transit UsePercentage of workers who use transit, bike, or walk to work
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
Second Dimension: Oriented
Metric Measure
Orientation
Transit Dependency
Percentage of 0-car households
Lower IncomePercent households with income <$25,000
Rental Housing Percentage renters
AffordabilityPercent of income spent on transportation
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
Third Dimension: Development
Metric Measure
Development
Walkability WalkScore®
Residential Density
Households per residential acre
Employment Gravity
Employment gravity measure
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
Final list of eTOD Score attributes
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
eTOD Score Ranges
eTOD Score RangeMean VMT per day
per householdDescription
41+ 21.3 Transit-Oriented
31-40 27.6 Transit-Supportive
21-30 36.5 Transit-Related
0-20 58.5 Transit-Adjacent
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
eTOD Score examples
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
Using eTOD Score
As a “think and do” tank, the Kitty and Michael Dukakis Center for Urban and Regional Policy is equally committed to producing state-of-the-art applied research and implementing effective policies and practices based on that research. The Center’s collaborative research and problem-solving model uses powerful data analysis, multidisciplinary research and evaluation techniques and a policy-driven perspective to address critical challenges facing urban areas.
A region’s economy and livability depend on the ability of the transportation system to provide access to opportunity, support economic growth and anchor sustainable development patterns. The Dukakis Center's work on Researching Equitable and Sustainable Transportation (ReSET) focuses on transportation equity, sustainable transportation, equitable transit-oriented development and transportation finance.
Policy Focus Areas:
• Transportation
• Economic Development
• Housing
• Labor/Workforce
Northeastern UniversityDukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy
Dukakis Center for Urban and Regional PolicyNortheastern University310 Renaissance Park360 Huntington AvenueBoston, MA 02115(617) 373-7870www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenterA “Think and Do” Tank
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter
Dukakis Center for Urban & Regional Policy www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter