Worldviews and values en 08-04-12

Department of Social Studies and Public Opinion

BBVA FoundationI t ti l St dInternational Study

Values and Worldviews

Political and economic valuesand the economic crisis

11April, 2013


"Values and Worldviews" is a BBVA Foundation international study examining a broad set ofperceptions attitudes and values held by citizens in 10 European countries in both publicperceptions, attitudes and values held by citizens in 10 European countries in both public(politics, economics) and private (religion, ethics) domains.

Empirical information was gathered through a survey of 15,000 people aged 18 and over in 10European Union countries (Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands,Poland, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom). The international reach of "Values andPoland, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom). The international reach of Values andWorldviews" facilitates a comparative snapshot of Spaniards' values, perceptions andattitudes at a particularly critical time (late 2012).

The fieldwork was carried out by Ipsos between November 2012 and January 2013. Thedesign and analysis of the study are the work of the BBVA Foundation Department of SocialStudies and Public Opinion.

2

• This presentation looks at the political and economic values of citizens in 10 European countries,


along with their perceptions and attitudes regarding the economic crisis and current socio‐politicallandscape.

• Among its aims is to explore the interaction between contingent views (linked to the presentmoment) and longer‐held values.

Perceptions and attitudes towards the economy and

Attitudes and general liti l d i towards the economy and

the current crisispolitical and economic

values

Connection with the public sphere: interest in politics, associationism and participation

Identification of main problems

Perceptions of the severity of the national and world economic crisispolitics, associationism and participation

Attitudes to politics and political parties

Trust in professional groups and institutions

world economic crisis

Views on certain groups and institutions’ responsibility for the crisis

Identification with socio‐political positions and movements

Views of the welfare state and market

Expectations regarding measures to deal with the crisis

The economic crisis and the role of the

3

Views of the welfare state and market economy European Union and the euro

Personal experience of the economic crisis


I. Attitudes and general political and economic

valuesvalues

44

MAP OF INTERESTSDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Strong interest in both local and national, European and world affairs.

• News of a more local nature (city, country) attracts greater interest than news about more distant places(Europe, the world in general).

• Spaniards’ interest in each news category stands close to the average of European countries in the survey.

News items about your News items about News items about World news

I would like you to tell me how interested you are in each of the topics I am going to read out to you. Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means you have absolutely no interest and 10 means you have a great deal of interest. Base: all cases

city or town News items about (COUNTRY)

News items about Europe

World news

Total EU countries (10)

Italy 7,7

7,2

7,8

7,4

7,1

6,5

7,0

6,4

Germany

Denmark

S d

7,5

7,6

7 7

8,1

7,4

6 3

7,2

6,7

6 8

7,0

6,7

Sweden

United Kingdom

Netherlands 7,0

7,1

7,5

7,6

7,1

7,7

7,0

6,1

6,3

6,8

5,5

6,8

Czech Republic

Spain 7,0

7,0

7,2

7,0

6,3

6,1

6,2

6,2

5

France

Poland 6,6

6,7

0 2 4 6 8 10

6,8

7,4

0 2 4 6 8 10

5,9

6,3

0 2 4 6 8 10

5,9

6,3

0 2 4 6 8 10

Total EU countries (10): Referring to the 10 European countries taking part in the survey

NEWSPAPER CONSUMPTIONDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Taking newspaper consumption as a proxy for citizens’ connection with public affairs via the informationt d fi d i ifi t diff th E t i dreported, we find significant differences across the European countries surveyed.

• The daily reading of newspapers is a majority habit in Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands, and lesscommon in Poland, the Czech Republic, Italy and Spain. Daily reading of newspapers in Spain stands below theEuropean average. Spain also has the largest proportion of respondents who never read a newspaper.

How often do you read the newspaper, either in print or online? (excluding exclusively sports newspapers) Base all cases

European average. Spain also has the largest proportion of respondents who never read a newspaper.

newspapers) Base: all cases

71,6

35,5

20

32,2

3,9

10,1

4,4

22,0

Sweden


45 8

58,7

60,3

32

22,5

26,7

8 9

4

5,8

13 3

14,7

7,1

Germany

Netherlands

Denmark

Every day (once or several times aday)

36,1

36,6

45,8

35,7

29,1

32

8,5

10,8

8,9

19,2

23,5

13,3

United Kingdom

France

Germany Every day (once or several times a day)

At least once a week

At least once a month

N l

26,3

31,9

32,8

25,6

11,1

8,2

29,7

34,2

Italy

SpainNever or almost never

DK‐NA

6

11,6

23,0

41,1

52,3

19,2

11,7

27,2

12,6

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Poland

Czech Republic

ASSOCIATIONISMDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Associationism is a more direct indicator of connection with the public space, and a core component of at ' “ i l it l” i f it f t f i it f ilit t ti d t d illcountry's “social capital”, insofar as it fosters norms of reciprocity, facilitates cooperation and stands as a pillar

of civil society and pluralist democracy. Levels of associationism differ widely throughout Europe:

• High in Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands, and fairly high in Germany

• Medium low in France the United Kingdom and Czech Republic• Medium‐low in France, the United Kingdom and Czech Republic

• Low in Spain, Italy and, last of all, Poland

Membership of some group or association. Base: all cases.

91 7

42,5

D k


79,5

82,8

91,7

Netherlands

Sweden

Denmark

38 1

46,0

60,2

United Kingdom

France

Germany

29,4

35,0

38,1

Spain

Czech Republic

United Kingdom

7

16,7

27,8

0 20 40 60 80 100

Poland

Italy

ASSOCIATIONISMDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Associationism is also limited in scope as regards the interests involved. Sports and recreational associationstop the list, ahead of trade unions (thanks to their high penetration in societies like Denmark and Sweden),top the list, ahead of trade unions (thanks to their high penetration in societies like Denmark and Sweden),and charitable, cultural and religious associations.

• Spaniards tend not to belong to associations or groups, trailing the European average by this measure acrossall types of organization.

Are you a member of any of the following associations or groups? Percentage answering yes. Base: all cases

Total EU countries (10) Spain

7,6

20,3


5,0

8,1Sports or recreational associations

Trade unions

6,2

6,7

7,6

5,0

3,1

2,6Religious associations

Charity and welfare associations

Cultural and artistic associations

3,3

3,6

6,2

0,7

2,5

5,0Cultural and artistic associations

Health‐related associations

Animal protection societies

1,6

2,5

2,9

1,3

1,3

2,2Political parties

Environmental protection groups

Human rights organizations

82,9

1,6

0 20 40 60

3,4

0,8

0 20 40 60

Scientific associations

Other

PARTICIPATION BY CAUSEDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Participation in the widest sense, where people collaborate or mobilize in support of a particular cause is low‐k llkey overall.

• Issues like the environment or human rights mobilize more support in the Nordic countries. Issues linked tothe economic or political situation are likelier to move citizens to action in Spain and Italy.

h h b f h d f h

Environment Human rights The economic crisis The government’s record or

Whether or not you are a member of an organization, have you participated in some action to support any of the following issues at some point in the last 12 months? Here we mean any kind of participation, whether donating

money, organizing, collaborating or joining a protest in favour of the cause. Percentage answering yes. Base: all cases

Environment Human rights The economic crisisthe political situation


Sweden 30,7

14,4

32,1

12,0

7,0

8,3

3,5

9,8

Denmark

Netherlands

I l 20 9

26,8

29,9

22,0

31,3

5,9

8,5

7,0

8,9

Italy

France

Germany 11,1

17,2

20,9

6,5

12,8

21,4

3,5

7,8

17,2

2,8

11,5

20,6

United Kingdom

Spain 10,7

10,8

12,1

6,7

15,8

2,9

20,9

3,0

9

Czech Republic

Poland 7,8

8,1

0 20 40 60 80 100

6,2

3,7

0 20 40 60 80 100

5,2

8,6

0 20 40 60 80 100

6,8

3,7

0 20 40 60 80 100

PARTICIPATION BY ACTIONDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• …• A key indicator of civic engagement is political and social participation, which varies widely across thecountries surveyed. In general, the civic action respondents most often engage in is signature collectioncountries surveyed. In general, the civic action respondents most often engage in is signature collectioncampaigns. Citizens in Nordic countries also make more of their role as consumers by opting to purchase orboycott certain products for political, ethical or environmental reasons.

• In Spain, the most frequent civic actions are signing petitions and taking part in strikes or demonstrations.

Have you done any of the things I am going to read out in the last 12 months? Percentage answering yes Base: all cases

Spaniards are the likeliest of any Europeans to have participated in these last two actions in the past year.

Percentage answering yes. Base: all cases

Total EU countries

(10)

Sweden Denmark Netherlands France Spain Italy United Kingdom

Germany Czech Republic

Poland

Sign a petition in a signature collection campaign 24 0 49 0 31 9 33 8 35 2 26 4 23 4 25 8 14 8 24 9 10 3Sign a petition in a signature collection campaign 24.0 49.0 31.9 33.8 35.2 26.4 23.4 25.8 14.8 24.9 10.3

Bought certain products for political, ethical or environmental reasons 15.8 53.6 46.3 23.9 28.8 8.4 13.6 11.9 13.8 8.6 5.1

Boycotted or stopped using certain products for political, ethical or environmental reasons 15.1 43.3 30.1 21.3 28.3 8.9 12.6 10.8 15.6 4.9 3.8

Got in touch with a politician or government department orGot in touch with a politician or government department or employee to draw their attention to some problem 10.3 17.9 16.5 21.5 15.5 5.5 9.8 13.1 7.3 6.9 4.8

Taken part in demonstrations 10.3 7.7 5.3 2.8 14.0 23.2 14.3 4.0 7.3 9.3 3.6

Collaborated with some civic association or non‐governmental organization (NGO) to support social causes 9.6 13.2 18.4 15.7 17.5 14.9 8.7 5.0 5.9 5.1 5.0

Taken part in a strike 7.6 1.0 1.3 1.6 7.7 20.6 13.5 3.4 3.6 2.7 3.0

Taken partpart in a protest that was self‐convened through SMS, e‐mail, social networks, etc. 7.2 14.8 7.7 11.9 11.6 8.7 7.0 4.6 5.2 5.1 4.4

Given money to a political party or organization 4.8 4.3 14.0 10.3 4.3 2.6 4.9 3.7 5.5 9.0 4.1

10

Collaborated in the campaigns or activities of a political party 4.0 4.8 5.6 4.4 4.9 3.2 5.9 1.8 4.2 3.3 3.5

AGGREGATE PARTICIPATION INDICATORDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Aggregating the percentage carrying out at least one of the 10 actions into a single indicator, we find thatAggregating the percentage carrying out at least one of the 10 actions into a single indicator, we find thatparticipation is strongest in Sweden, Denmark and, some way behind, the Netherlands and France, where amajority of citizens have engaged in at least one such activity in the last twelve months.

• In remaining countries, participation is in the medium to low interval, with Poland bringing up the rear.

Percentage engaging in at least one public participation activity. Base: all cases

78 6

41,9

S d

Total EU Countries (10)

62,1

69,7

78,6

Netherlands

Denmark

Sweden

40 4

42,7

60,3

Italy

Spain

France

36,0

37,1

40,4

Czech Republic

United Kingdom

Italy

11

18,6

35,2

0 20 40 60 80 100

Poland

Germany

AGGREGATE PARTICIPATION INDICATOR BY SEGMENTDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• In Europe in general, and Spain particularly, social and political participation through diverse forms of action isclearly higher among those with more years of study, those identifying themselves as politically left and thoseclearly higher among those with more years of study, those identifying themselves as politically left and thosereading the newspaper every day.

• Spain departs from the European average in that participation is lowest among those identifying themselvesas on the right (in Europe as a whole it is lowest among those calling themselves centrists). In Spain, also,participation tails off more sharply among older adults.

Percentage engaging in at least one public participation activity. Base: all cases

Total 41 9Total EU countries (10) Spain

42 7TotalAge

18‐2425‐3435‐44 46,2

42,741,8

41,9

51,653,8

47,5

42,7

45‐5455‐64

65 or overAge finished studying

34,542,245,6

,

17,846,844,7

,

15 or under16 to 19

20 or overStill studying

Id l52,857,8

39,027,2

62,760,5

45,627,8

IdeologyLeft

CentreRight

Reading of newspapers44,6

37,653,9

31,643,4

52,3

12

Reading of newspapersDaily

At least once a weekLess often 31,2

42,551,2

0 20 40 60 80 100

26,349,3

59,5

0 20 40 60 80 100

PARTICIPATION VIA THE INTERNETDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• …• Use of the Internet to participate in public life is low overall. The main uses stated are signing of petitions,posting comments on some political issue and following a politician.posting comments on some political issue and following a politician.

• The Swedes, Danish and Dutch report most use of the Internet for politics‐related activities. Spaniards(together with Germans and Poles) are among the least likely to engage in this kind of activity, except in thecase of demonstrations.

Have you used the Internet for any of the following activities in the last 12 months? Percentage answering yes. Base: all cases

Total EU countries

(10) Sweden DenmarkNetherla

nds FranceCzech

RepublicUnited Kingdom Italy Spain Germany Poland(10) Sweden Denmark nds France Republic Kingdom Italy Spain Germany Poland

Sign a petition in a signature collection campaign 12.0 29.3 18.1 23.5 19.5 14.4 14.0 11.1 9.3 5.8 5.2Comment on some political issue on a website or blog 8.5 19.3 16.9 12.6 10.5 7.0 7.8 9.6 9.6 5.7 4.8Follow a politician or government official on the Internet 7.4 12.5 20.5 12.4 11.2 12.9 4.1 8.1 5.7 3.5 9.5Get in contact with a politician or a national, regional or local authority or government officer to draw their attention to some problem 5.5 12.6 11.0 11.6 7.3 4.5 7.0 5.5 3.0 3.1 3.3Participate in a forum with political content 5.3 13.4 15.3 8.3 5.5 4.6 3.8 5.3 4.8 5.5 3.5Take part in demonstrations called over the Internet through e‐mail or social gnetworks 4.2 7.0 4.9 3.4 5.9 3.8 3.0 5.4 6.7 2.3 1.9

Those using the Internet for some of the above politics‐

21 2

45,941,1 39,5

30,424,3

40

60

13

related activities 21,2 24,320,1 19,3 16,8 14,7 14,7

0

20

PARTICIPATION VIA THE INTERNET BY SEGMENTDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• In Europe, and Spain particularly, use of the Internet as a medium for politics‐related activities increases witheducational level, as does political participation in general. It is also higher among men than women, andeducational level, as does political participation in general. It is also higher among men than women, andtends to taper off with age. In Spain, the participation of older adults is very low indeed compared to theEuropean average.

• It is also higher in Spain among declaredly left‐leaning than right‐leaning citizens; a distinction that is moreblurred in Europe as a whole.

Percentage engaging in at least one politics‐related activity on the Internet. Base: all cases


TotalSex

MaleFemale 18,2

24,5

21,2

13,3

20,4

16,8

Age18‐2425‐3435‐44 25,1

27,2

29,1

17,4

26,9

28,8

45‐5455‐64


15 d 7 2

10,9

18,921,6

4 6

2,5

13,417,8

15 or under16 to 19

20 or overStill studying

Ideology38,6

34,8

17,5

7,2

37,634,9

15,1

4,6

14

IdeologyLeft

Intermediate positionsRight 24,7

17,0

29,2

0 20 40 60 80 100

15,212,6

23,5

0 20 40 60 80 100


There tends to be a positive relation between indicators of connection with the public sphere: reading of newspapers, level of associationism and social and political participation.

+In each country, notably in Spain, connection with the public space is stronger among:+

SwedenDenmark

Netherlands

p p g g Young people

Those with a higher educational level Those identifying with the left

SPAC

E

• Compared to the rest of Europe, the Spanishscore low on associationism and close to the

b i l d liti l ti i ti

Netherlands

FranceGermany

HE PU

BLIC S

average by social and political participation.• Spaniards’ participation primarily takes the form of signing petitions and taking part in demonstrations. Th S i h t th ith th It li th

SpainItalyUK

Czech Rep.N W

ITH TH

• The Spanish, together with the Italians, are thelikeliest to be moved to action by causesrelated to the economic and political situation.

Czech Rep.

Poland

ONNECTION

15

-CO

CONNECTION WITH POLITICAL PARTIESDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Partymembership is extremely low in almost every country.

Si ifi t diff i th ti f h t ’ iti th t thi ith liti l• Significant differences emerge in the proportion of each country’s citizens that sympathize with some politicalparty.

• Party sympathy extends to an ample majority in Denmark and Sweden, well ahead of the Netherlands.

• Is medium low (around 45%) in France Germany Italy and Spain• Is medium‐low (around 45%) in France, Germany, Italy and Spain.

• Is low (around 35%) in the United Kingdom and Czech Republic, and lower still in Poland.Are you a member of a

political party?Whether or not you are a member, do you sympathize

with some political party?

9,9

5,4

po t ca pa ty p p y


Denmark 76,7

41,8

Connection withpolitical parties.

7,1

9,5Sweden

Netherlands 56,6

70,2

p pBase: all cases

5,3

6,5

6,8France

Germany

United Kingdom 34,2

46,2

42,6

4,2

4,9

,g

Czech Republic

Italy 42,5

36,1

,

16

2,9

3,9

0 20 40 60 80 100

Spain

Poland 21,7

44,3

0 20 40 60 80 100

PARTY SYMPATHY BY SEGMENTDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• In both Europe and Spain, age is a factor for sympathy with political parties. The percentage sympathizing witht i ith hil l t d t f l h di da party increases with age, while young people tend to feel much more disengaged.

• Declared sympathy for political parties is also higher among those defining themselves as right or left thanamong those at the centre of the political spectrum.

• The more informed population, defined as those reading a newspaper every day, are likelier to sympathizewith a party than their less informed peers (infrequent readers).

Whether or not you are a member, do you sympathize with some political party? Base: all cases Total EU countries (10) Spain

Total

Age

18‐24


34,8

44,2

30,3

41,8

25‐34

35‐44

45‐54

55 64 50 7

40,5

41,0

35,3

48 2

40,7

37,4

33,4

55‐64

65 or over

Ideology

Left 57,1

58,5

50,7

55,2

53,7

48,2

Centre

Right

Reading of newspapers

63,4

29,8

55,4

29,8

17

Daily


Less often 37,0

45,3

53,4

0 20 40 60 80 100

29,6

39,3

55,1

0 20 40 60 80 100

VIEWS ON HOW DEMOCRACY IS WORKINGDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Views on how democracy is working differ significantly from one country to the next. The Spanish are, alongith th It li th t di i f h d i ki i th i ti t iwith the Italians, the most disapproving of how democracy is working in their respective countries.

• In Poland, the United Kingdom and France, opinions are divided

• The most upbeat views correspond to Denmark and Sweden, followed at a distance by Germany and theNetherlandsNetherlands.

As a whole, how well do you think democracy is working right now in (COUNTRY)? Average on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 means it is working very badly and 10 that it is working very well. Base: all cases g g y y g y

7,0

4,9

Denmark


6,0

6,1

6,7

Netherlands

Germany

Sweden

4,9

5,1

,

United Kingdom

Poland

3,7

4,5

4,8

Italy

Czech Republic

France

18

3,6

0 2 4 6 8 10

Spain

THE POWER TO PERSONALLY INFLUENCE POLICYDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Ample consensus around the idea that voting is the main way citizens can influence what the governmentdoes with agreement strongest in Denmark and Sweden and weakest in the Czech Republicdoes, with agreement strongest in Denmark and Sweden and weakest in the Czech Republic.

• Agreement coexists (except in Denmark) with the feeling that individuals have little real influence on politicaldecisions.

Voting is the main way that people like me can i fl h t th G t d

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following sentences? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means you totally disagree and 10 that you totally agree. Base: all cases

People like me have no real influence on political d i iinfluence what the Government does


Denmark 7,5

6,3

4,6

6,5

decisions

Sweden

Netherlands

F 6 6

6,9

7,3

6,1

5,7

France

Germany

Spain 6,3

6,5

6,6

6,2

6,7

6,9

Italy

United Kingdom 6,1

6,1

6,3

6,7

19

Poland

Czech Republic 5,2

5,7

0 2 4 6 8 10

6,9

6,6

0 2 4 6 8 10

VIEW OF POLITICIANSDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• There is a widely held view that politicians place their own interests before those of society, with respondentsi It l th C h R bli d S i t h tl i t d th i D k d S d thin Italy, the Czech Republic and Spain most vehemently in agreement and those in Denmark and Sweden ratherless convinced.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following sentences?

Politicians pay more attention to their own interests than the interests of society

y g g gAverage on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means you totally disagree and 10 that you totally agree. Base: all cases.

Total EU countries (10) 7,7( )

Italy

Czech Republic 8,3

8,7

Spain

United Kingdom

France 7,5

7,7

8,3

France

Germany

Poland 7,3

7,4

,

Netherlands

Denmark

Sweden 5,8

5,9

6,3

20

Sweden ,

0 2 4 6 8 10

TRUST IN PROFESSIONAL GROUPSDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• On average, doctors, scientists and teachers occupy the upper reaches of the European trust map, while civilservants, businessmen/women, the clergy, journalists and, especially, politicians fall below the trustservants, businessmen/women, the clergy, journalists and, especially, politicians fall below the trustthreshold.

• Spaniards stand apart from the European average in the relatively low trust accorded to most groups,especially judges, military personnel, businessmen/women, the clergy and politicians. Their trust in politiciansparticularly is at rock‐bottom levels (1.5 on a scale from 0 to 10).

• They assign above‐average trust scores to doctors, scientists and teachers only.

Doctors

Scientists 6,8

7,1

7,3

7,6


Could you please tell me how much you feel you trust the

following social and professional ?

Teachers

The police

Military personnel 5,8

6,2

6,8

4,9

5,7

7,4

groups? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means you do not trust them at all and 10

means you trust them completely. Base: all cases

y p

Judges

Ecologists

Sportmen/women 5,6

5,7

5,7

5,5

5,8

4,7

,

Sportmen/women

Civil servants

Businessmen/women

Clergy 4,7

4,7

4,9

,

3,3

4,1

4,8

,

21

Clergy

Journalists

Politicians 3,0

4,5

4,7

0 2 4 6 8 10

1,5

4,7

3,3

0 2 4 6 8 10

TRUST IN PROFESSIONAL GROUPS IN SPAIN 2005‐2012Department of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Analysis of the times series shows that Spaniards' level of trust in groups like scientists (very high) and theAnalysis of the times series shows that Spaniards level of trust in groups like scientists (very high) and thepolice (medium‐high) has held more or less flat since 2005.

• However, the trust expressed in judges, businessmen/women, the clergy and politicians begins to visiblydiminish as of 2009.

• Although politicians have occupied the least trusted slot since 2005, their scores have increasinglydeteriorated as far as a late 2012/early 2013 average of just 1.5 on a scale from 0 to 10.

Could you please tell me how much you feel you trust the following social and professional groups? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means you do not trust them at all and 10 means you trust them completely. Base: all cases

10

Politicians Clergy Businessmen/women Judges The police Scientists

4,9 4,9 5,25,4

4 34,7

5,2 5,45,65,9 6,2

5,7

7,37,46,9

7,3

6

8

4,4, ,

1,5

3,13,43,7 3,3

4,2 4,34,1

2

4

22

0

2005 2007 2009 2012International Study on Social Capital

Fundación BBVAOpinion BarometerFundación BBVA

European MindsetFundación BBVA

Values and WorldviewsFundación BBVA

TRUST IN PROFESSIONAL GROUPSDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Considering the scores assigned to the full set of 13 groups, it is clear that trust in groups moves in themedium‐to‐high range.

• The highest overall trust scores correspond to the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany and Denmark.

• Spain is among the countries assigning the lowest average trust scores, alongside France, the UK and Poland.

Could you please tell me how much you feel you trust the following social and professional groups? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means you do not trust them at all and 10 means you trust them completely. Base: all cases

Doctors Scientists Teachers The police Military personnel Judges Ecologists Sportsme

n/womenCivil

servantsTheclergy

Businessmen/women

Journalists

Politicians

EU countries (10) 7.1 6.8 6.8 6.2 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.6 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.5 3.0

Netherlands 7.2 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.8 6.2 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.2 4.4

Sweden 7.3 6.9 7.0 6.8 5.6 6.9 6.4 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.6 4.4 4.3

Germany 7.1 6.5 6.7 6.9 5.7 6.5 6.0 6.1 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.1 3.9

Denmark 7.3 7.0 6.8 7.4 5.4 7.5 6.1 5.4 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.1

Italy 6.9 7.1 6.6 6.5 6.0 5.4 6.2 5.4 4.8 4.9 5.4 5.1 2.3

C ech Rep blic 7 5 7 4 7 2 5 6 5 6 5 2 6 0 6 7 4 3 3 8 4 8 4 9 2 6Czech Republic 7.5 7.4 7.2 5.6 5.6 5.2 6.0 6.7 4.3 3.8 4.8 4.9 2.6

France 7.3 6.8 6.7 5.7 5.8 5.5 4.8 4.8 5.4 3.9 3.7 4.0 3.3

Spain 7.6 7.3 7.4 5.7 4.9 4.7 5.8 5.5 4.8 3.3 4.1 4.7 1.5

United Kingdom 7.1 6.4 6.7 6.0 6.5 5.6 5.5 5.8 4.2 5.3 4.7 3.0 2.6

23

Poland 6.1 6.1 6.1 5.4 5.6 5.0 5.2 5.9 4.2 5.3 4.3 4.8 3.3

TRUST IN INSTITUTIONSDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Institutional trust in Europe moves in the medium to low interval. Heading the list are universities, the armyd th t f l hil th b tt l d t liti l ti t th ith b k dand the courts of law, while the bottom places correspond to political parties, together with banks and

multinational companies.

• Spain stands apart from the European average in according far less trust to a majority of institutions,particularly the national government, banks and trade unions.particularly the national government, banks and trade unions.


Overall, how much do you currently feel you

Universities

The army

The courts of law of (COUNTRY)

(NATIONALITY) companies 5,5

5,5

6,0

6,4

5 0

4,3

4,9

6,9

you currently feel you trust the following

institutions? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means you do not trust them at all and 10 means

(NATIONA ITY) companies

Environmentalist associations

The United Nations

Non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) 5,2

5,2

5,3

5,5

5,4

4,4

4,9

5,0

trust them at all and 10 means you trust them completely.

Base: all cases

The mass media

Trade unions

The International Monetary Fund

Religious institutions 4,5

4,5

4,6

4,7

3,4

3,4

2,8

4,7

g

The European Central Bank

The national government

National banks 4,0

4,1

4,3

,

2,3

2,8

3,1

,

24

Multinational companies

International banks

Political parties 3,3

3,3

4,1

0 2 4 6 8 10

2,0

2,1

3,7

0 2 4 6 8 10


• European citizens express a medium‐low degree of identification with the mainstream political orientationsstated. They identify more readily with movements like pacifism or socialism than they do with capitalism or

IDENTIFICATION WITH MOVEMENTS AND VIEWS

stated. They identify more readily with movements like pacifism or socialism than they do with capitalism ornationalism.

• Compared to their fellow Europeans, Spaniards identify more strongly with pacifism (half a point above theaverage) and less with capitalism (one point below).

Pacifism Socialism Capitalism Nationalism

To what extent do you identify with the following views or movements? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means that you do not identify at all and 10 that you identify strongly. Base: all cases.

Pacifism Socialism Capitalism Nationalism


Italy 6,6

4,7

4,3

3,9

4,7

3,1

3,4

3,1

Spain

France

N h l d 9

4,9

5,9

5 4

3,8

3,9

4 1

2,9

2,7

4 0

2,5

2,3

Netherlands

Denmark

Germany 4,1

4,2

4,9

4,0

5,0

5,4

2,6

3,7

4,1

3,2

4,1

4,0

Sweden

United Kingdom 3,3

4,1

3,3

4,4

3,3

3,2

2,9

3,3

25

Poland

Czech Republic 3,2

3,3

0 2 4 6 8 10

3,2

2,8

0 2 4 6 8 10

1,9

2,4

0 2 4 6 8 10

3,4

3,6

0 2 4 6 8 10

THE STATE’S ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF THE ECONOMYDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Broad consensus in Europe around the need for the state to play a highly active role in the control of theBroad consensus in Europe around the need for the state to play a highly active role in the control of theeconomy.

• Spain is among the countries where this preference is strongest.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following sentences. Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means you totally disagree and 10 that you totally agree. Base: all cases.

The state should play a very active role in the control of the economyp y y y

7,4

6,8

France


7,1

7,1

7,1

Sweden

Spain

United Kingdom

6,9

6,9

,

Czech Republic

Netherlands

6,2

6,6

6,9

Germany

Denmark

Italy

26

6,2

0 2 4 6 8 10

Poland

STATE VS. INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITYDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Although the state is acknowledged by all to have a key role in the control of the economy, views are dividedh ibilit h ld li f i th t ll iti j d t t d d f li ion where responsibility should lie for ensuring that all citizens enjoy a decent standard of living:

• A very large majority in Spain and Italy believe that the main responsibility should lie with the state. Thisoption also finds majority support, albeit to a lesser extent, in Sweden, France and Poland.

• In the United Kingdom and the Netherlands a majority believe that each individual bears the main

Which of the following statements comes closer to your opinion? Base: all cases

• In the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, a majority believe that each individual bears the mainresponsibility for ensuring their own standard of living. In remaining countries, opinions are divided.


54,5 40,8 4,6Total EU Countries (10)

58,9

74,1

76,3

37,3

23,6

20,2

3,8

2,2

3,5

Sweden

Spain

Italy

Responsibility for ensuring that allcitizens enjoy a decent standard ofli i h ld li i l ith th St t

48 1

52,0

53,1

45 8

43,7

40,8

6 2

4,3

6,2

Denmark

France

Polandliving should lie mainly with the State

It is mainly up to each individual toensure his or her standard of living

43,8

48,5

48,1

47,7

48,2

45,8

8,5

3,3

6,2

Czech Republic

Germany

Denmark

DK‐NA

27

34,5

38,1

57,2

57,2

8,3

4,6

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

United Kingdom

Netherlands

THE WELFARE STATEDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• A clear majority say it is preferable to have a comprehensive social security system even if it means payinghi h t th li it d i l it t ith l thigh taxes , than a limited social security system with low taxes.

• Agreement on this point is strongest in Spain, together with Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands and France.

• Support is rather more nuanced in the Czech Republic, Poland and United Kingdom (though a plurality concur),where just over a third opt for a society with a more limited social security system accompanied by lower


where just over a third opt for a society with a more limited social security system accompanied by lowertaxes.

88,4

66,2

10

25,2

1,7

8,6

Sweden


80 5

81,5

87,2

13 7

13

9,2

5 8

5,5

3,5

Spain

Netherlands

DenmarkIt is better to have a society with acomprehensive social security systemeven if it means paying higher taxes

68,9

75,8

80,5

25,2

20,3

13,7

5,9

3,9

5,8

Germany

France

Spain

it is better to have a society wherepeople pay lower taxes even if it meanshaving a limited social security system

53,3

58,5

34,2

27,9

12,5

13,6

United Kingdom

Italy

g y y

DK‐NA

28

48,0

51,8

37,9

36

14,1

12,2

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Czech Republic

Poland

RESPONSIBILITY OF THE STATEDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• The general expectation that the state will take an active role in the control of the economy is expressed assupport for its provision of a wide range of services (especially health and pension coverage) and in thepp p g ( p y p g )control of certain economic variables.

• Here the Spanish deviate markedly from the European average in the strength and extent of their demand: alarge majority believe the state should take a lot of responsibility for welfare state‐related services, but also inh id i ( l f fi i )

Do you believe the state should take no responsibility at all, not much responsibility, quite a lot of responsibility or a lot of responsibility for…? Base: all cases

other areas outside its scope (control of profits, prices or wages).


62,0

65,0

29,8

27,2

5,6

5,4

1,2

1Providing health coverage toall citizens

Assuring a good enoughpension for retired people

85,2

85,8

13,4

12,5

0,7

1

47,1

55,9

35,3

29,4

10,8

9,1

3,5

2,9

70,6

77,5

23

16,7

3,6

3,4Controlling banks' profits

Guaranteeing savers' deposits

44,1

44,8

38,5

37,8

12,7

12,4

2,8

3

72,3

64,8

20,3

27,7

5,5

3,9Keeping prices under control

Providing decent housing forall citizens

32,7

38,6

33,5

42,5

22,5

14,1

7,7

2,5

54,0

74,6

26,9

22,7

12,7

1,8Assuring a decent standard of living for the unemployed

Controlling companies' profits

29

28,9 39,1 20,9 7,8

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

A lot Quite a lot Not much None DK‐NA

50,7 30,6 10,3

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Controlling wages

THE MARKET ECONOMYDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• Broad acceptance of the state taking an active role in the economy coexists with a consensus view that themarket economy is the best economic system. Nonetheless a majority also believe that “the market economymarket economy is the best economic system. Nonetheless a majority also believe that the market economyis the cause of social inequalities”.

• Spaniards are more sceptical about the market economy, with opinions divided as to whether it is the mostappropriate system, and stronger agreement with the idea that it gives rise to social inequalities.

A market economy is the most

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following sentences? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 10 means you totally disagree and 10 that you totally agree. Base: all cases.

The market economy is the cause of social appropriate system for the country


Germany 6,5

6,1

5,0

6,0

inequalities

Denmark

Netherlands

I l 6 3

6,3

6,5

5,7

5,6

Italy

Sweden

Poland 6,1

6,2

6,3

6,0

6,5

6,5

United Kingdom

Czech Republic 5,7

6,1

6,6

5,7

30

France

Spain 5,2

5,6

0 2 4 6 8 10

6,6

6,2

0 2 4 6 8 10

DISTRIBUTION OF INCOMEDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• A majority of Europeans accept that differences in income as a product of individual effort are part and parcelf th k t lt I l t t th j it id th t diff i iof the market culture. In almost every country, the majority consider that differences in income are necessary

so people who work harder earn more than people who work less; a view that is accentuated in Denmark andthe Netherlands.

• Spain stands apart on this point, with a majority saying they would like to see income more evenly distributed


Spain stands apart on this point, with a majority saying they would like to see income more evenly distributedregardless of individual effort. Note, however, that a likewise significant percentage see income differences asjustified on the basis of effort.


54,7

34,4

41,5

59,5

3,8

6,2

Spain


31 4

36,9

45,7

64 2

53,8

47,1

4 5

9,2

7,3

Sweden

Poland

ItalyIncome should be evenly distributed,even if it means that people who workharder and people who work less earnthe same

27,5

29,7

31,4

67,3

66,8

64,2

5,3

3,5

4,5

France

Germany

Sweden

Differences in income are necessary sopeople who work harder earn morethan people who work less

26,0

27,4

65,2

62,8

8,7

9,8

United Kingdom

Czech Republic

DK‐NA

31

13,8

19,2

79,1

75,4

7

5,4

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Denmark

Netherlands

VIEW OF THE STATE AND INCOME IN SPAIN BY SEGMENTDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion

• In Spain, the welfare state model meets with a broad consensus which is even impervious to citizens’ politicalleanings. Views on income distribution, however, are clearly influenced by educational level and politicalg , , y y porientation: more even distribution of income regardless of individual effort gains adherents as we movedown the educational ladder and across the political spectrum from right to left.

• Those reading the newspaper every day are likelier to support both the welfare state and the idea that incomedifferences are necessary to reward effort.


y

80,5 13,75,8 54,7 41,5 3,8Total

Age finished studying

83,8

79,8

79,1

10,4

14,2

15,3

5,8

6

5,6

47,0

52,3

60,5

48,4

44,3

35,9

4,7

3,3

3,6

g y g

15 or under

16 to 19

20 or over

82,0

78,0

12,4

13,4

5,6

8,6

55,6

56,6

39,1

38,6

5,2

4,8Still studying

Ideology

Left

85 1

80,2

81,1

11

16,4

12,9

3 8

3,4

6

48 7

42,6

52,9

46 7

54,8

44,2

4 6

2,6

2,9Intermediate positions

Right

Reading of newspapers

D il

77,2

79,8

85,1

14,8

15,2

11

7,9

5

3,8

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

58,5

55,9

48,7

37,1

42,0

46,7

4,4

2

4,6

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Daily


Less often

32

% % % % % % % % % % % %Income should be more evenly distributed, even if it means that people who workharder and people who work less earn the same

Differences in income are necessary so people who work harder earn more than peoplewho work less

DK‐NA

It is better to have a society with a comprehensive social security systemeven if it means paying high taxes

It is better to have a society where people pay low taxes even if it meanshaving a limited social security system

DK‐NA


Acceptance of the market economy

Compatible Expectation that the state will intervene actively in

the economy

Broad consensus around thewelfare state model without

ti l id l i l+

E

generational or ideologicalrifts

SwedenDenmark

Netherlands

•Compared to other Europeans, the Spanish takea rather more critical view of the marketFA

RE STAT Netherlands

SpainFrance

GermanyI l economy.

•They are also those assigning the state thestrongest role in the economy, with attributionsthat extend beyond the provision of socialR

THE WEL Italy

UKCzech. Rep.Poland y p

security services to the control and regulation ofkey economic variables and agents

PPORT

FOR

33

-SUP


II. Perceptions and ttit d th tattitudes on the current economic situation

3434

• Unemployment and the crisis head the list of Europeans' concerns.


MAIN CONCERNS AT NATIONAL LEVEL

Unemployment and the crisis head the list of Europeans concerns.• Next, at a distance, come politics‐related matters (politicians’ conduct, the Government, corruption),alongside more specific issues like the health service, social inequality and poverty.

What do you see as the main problem currently facing (COUNTRY)? Base: all cases

Total EU countries

(10)

Spain Poland Italy France Sweden Denmark United Kingdom

Czech Republic

Germany Netherlands

Unemployment 35.8 64.7 47.3 47.1 44.0 36.7 29.6 24.3 22.9 14.7 11.2The economy/crisis/deficit/The economy/crisis/deficit/ lack of growth 19.8 13.4 5.0 20.9 15.0 15.9 36.3 28.9 11.8 7.9 40.6

The conduct of politicians 4.6 5.4 3.7 6.6 2.0 1.1 3.5 1.6 9.3 7.5 2.7Corruption 1.7 3.9 1.8 2.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.8 13.9 0.6 0.4The Government 4.4 3.6 5.0 4.4 3.5 1.3 2.1 6.1 8.5 4.0 3.7Poverty 3.0 2.0 5.0 1.8 6.6 0.3 0.5 2.2 1.9 2.4 2.0The crisis of values 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.4 2.3 2.2 0.6 1.9 3.3 7.1The health system 3.5 0.5 7.0 3 0.5 3.5 1.3 3.3 6.3 6.1 3.8Social inequality 4.1 0.5 1.2 0.9 2.6 4.7 3.8 1.0 2.2 13.9 2.4Pensions 4.0 0.3 6.0 3.2 0.7 0.5 0.1 1.8 7.5 10.9 0.4Immigration 3.1 0.2 0.2 0.9 2.5 8.1 3.8 10.8 0.1 2.7 2.0* Problems mentioned by at least 5% in some countries.

35

* *Up to 100% "other problems", DK and NA.

• Unemployment and the economic crisis polarize the attention of Europe's citizens. Two‐thirds of Spaniardst t l t th bi t ti l bl


MAIN CONCERNS AT NATIONAL LEVEL

state unemployment as the biggest national problem.• A plurality in Poland, Italy, France, Sweden and the Czech Republic mention unemployment in first place,while the crisis occupies the foreground of concerns in Denmark, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.

• Germans mention unemployment and the crisis in roughly equal measure though in percentages well belowGermans mention unemployment and the crisis in roughly equal measure, though in percentages well belowthe European average.

What do you see as the main problem currently facing (COUNTRY)? Base: all cases

13,7

19,8

47 3

64,7

35,8

Spain


15 0

20,9

5,0

44,0

47,1

47,3

France

Italy

Poland Unemployment

The economy/ crisis/deficit/ lack of growth

36,3

15,9

15,0

29,6

36,7

Denmark

Sweden

deficit/ lack of growth

11,8

28,9

14 7

22,9

24,3

Czech Republic

United Kingdom

3640,6

13,411,2

14,7

0 20 40 60 80 100

Netherlands

Germany

• All countries share the perception that the world economy is going through a serious crisis, but differences


THE WORLD ECONOMIC CRISIS

emerge as to just how serious it is. Italians and Spanish are by far the most convinced of its severity, followedby the French and British, with over half of respondents in these four countries rating it “very serious” (inSpain 7 out of every 10).

Would you say that the world economy is going through… a very serious crisis, a serious crisis, a mild crisis or no crisis at all? Base: all cases

69,2

76,5

47,6

27,5

21,4

39,7 9,2

Spain

Italy


51,6

56,0

69,

40,5

39,5

7,5

5,5

3,2

United Kingdom

France

Spain

A very serious crisis

28 0

29,7

40,0

39 4

52,1

51,5

26 3

14,7

6,7

Czech Republic

Sweden

Denmark A serious crisis

A minor crisis

No crisis at all

24,1

27,0

28,0

55,3

49,1

39,4

17,6

17,2

26,3

5,2

Netherlands

Germany

Czech RepublicDK/NA

37

20,2 52 18,4 5,1

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Poland

• While in Spain and Italy the crisis of the national economy is considered more serious than the worldwide


THE NATIONAL ECONOMIC CRISIS

• While in Spain and Italy the crisis of the national economy is considered more serious than the worldwidecrisis, citizens in Sweden, Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands take just the opposite view.

• More than 80% of Spaniards and Italians rate the national economic crisis very serious.• Conversely a majority of Swedes describe the national crisis as no more than mild.y j y

And thinking about the economy of (COUNTRY), would you say the (NATIONALITY) economy is going through… a very serious crisis, a serious crisis, a mild crisis or no crisis at all? Base: all cases

87,2

46,5

11,7

34,1 15,7 2,6

Spain


47,5

55,5

84,7

42

40,6

13,2

8,7

3

United Kingdom

France

Italy

A very serious crisis

19,6

31,5

48,2

36,6

24,8

26,8 3 ,3

Poland

Czech Republic A serious crisis

A minor crisis

No crisis at all

13,7

15,9

17,9

39,5

59,2

55,6

37,4

23,2

24,2

8,2

1,7

Germany

Denmark

NetherlandsDK/NA

38

6,1

13,7

37,1

39,5

49,4

37,4 8,2

5,1

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Sweden

y

• Europeans spread responsibility for the crisis across a range of groups and institutions, particularlypoliticians banks national governments the EU leaders investment firms and credit rating agencies


RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ECONOMIC CRISIS

politicians, banks, national governments, the EU leaders, investment firms and credit rating agencies.• Spaniards stand apart in apportioning considerably more blame to construction companies than theEuropean average.

To what extent do you think the following groups and organizations are responsible for the current international crisis? “Percentage saying they are responsible to some extent + a great deal” Base: all cases

Total EU countries (10) SpainBanks

PoliticiansNational governments

L d f h EU 80 2

86,5

88,6

89,4

90,9

95,3

94,5

Leaders of the EUInvestment firms

The European Central BankCredit rating agencies 74,8

75,6

79,5

80,2

76,0

81,0

87,1

81,4

Multinational companiesThe IMF

Countries of southern EuropeBusinessmen/women 63 4

66,0

67,7

73,9

49,2

72,7

71,0

,

Businessmen/womenCountries of northern Europe

Construction companiesTrade unions 38,8

42,3

46,7

63,4

49,2

75,1

49,3

68,7

CitizensSmall companies

39

16,3

29,0

0 20 40 60 80 100

14,9

24,9

0 20 40 60 80 100

• Europeans are readier to assign responsibility for the crisis to the countries of southern Europe than thoseof the north albeit with differences between countries


RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ECONOMIC CRISIS

of the north, albeit with differences between countries.• The northern countries are the likeliest to hold the southern countries responsible for the crisis, and theleast likely, in Germany and Denmark especially, to assign any responsibility to the north, while citizens inSpain, Italy and the United Kingdom tend to share responsibility more equally between the south and northof Europe.

To what extent do you think the following groups and organizations are responsible for the current international crisis? “Percentage saying they are responsible to some extent + a great deal”

Base: respondents believing the world economy is going through a crisis

Co ntries of so thern E rope C t i f th ECountries of southern Europe Countries of northern Europe

88,5

66,0Total UE countries (10)

Netherlands 57,4

46,7

83,9

86,7Sweden

Germany

D k

28,3

46,2

63,0

74,8

79,4Denmark

Czech Republic

Poland 47,8

41,5

33,7

60,5

61,5United Kingdom

France 45,9

58,8

47,8

40

49,2

56,3

0 20 40 60 80 100

Italy

Spain 49,3

55,8

0 20 40 60 80 100


• Europeans are divided on how to overcome the crisis.• The option to maintain or increase spending to stimulate growth wins out overall especially in Spain

MEASURES TO DEAL WITH THE CRISIS

• The option to maintain or increase spending to stimulate growth wins out overall, especially in Spain,Sweden, Netherlands and Denmark but also in the Czech Republic and United Kingdom.

• The Spanish are the least willing to accept spending cuts as a solution to the crisis.• In France and Germany, a majority believe cuts must be made in order to balance public accounts.In France and Germany, a majority believe cuts must be made in order to balance public accounts.• In Italy and Poland, opinions fall more evenly on either side.

In the current economic situation, what do you think would be best for (COUNTRY)? Base: all cases

56,6

38,5

27,9

40,3

5,9 9,5

11,59,6

France


, y ( )

36,7

38,2

51,2

39

42,6

31,7

7,5

10,6

11,2

16,8

8,6

6

Poland

Italy

Germany

Implement cuts and adjustmentsto balance the public accounts

M i t i i di t

26,4

27,0

35,7

49

43,6

50,2

10,8

13,5

8

13,8

15,9

6,4

Denmark

Czech Republic

NetherlandsMaintain or increase spending tostimulate growth

Neither of the two

DK‐NA

24,5

25,6

26,4

59,1

41,4

49

7,7

10,8

10,8

8,8

22,3

13,8

Sweden

United Kingdom

Denmark DK NA

20,8 58,7 10,5 9,9

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Spain

41


• The majority in Europe and in Spain believe governments should respond to the crisis with investment stimulus and regulatory measures.A clear majority agree with placing limits on bank executives’ pay, regulating the banks more, incentivizing the hiring of young people,


raising taxes on those obtaining the highest capital income, and reducing the number of government workers.

• Spaniards express above average agreement with measures to regulate and control the banks and impose higher taxes on those earningmost. By contrast, they disapprove more strongly of solutions like a more flexible labour market or higher taxes on consumption, and arefirmly opposed to injecting capital into troubled banks.

I am now going to read out different measures the (NATIONALITY) government could take to deal with the country's current economic crisis. Average on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 means you totally disagree and 10 that you totally agree. Base: all cases.

l i ( 0) S i

7,8

8,1


8,5

8,6Place limits on bank executives’ pay

Regulate the banks more

6,5

6,9

7,6

5,9

7,7

8,3Subsidize or incentivize the hiring of young people

Impose higher taxes on those with highest capital income

Reduce the number of government workers

6,3

6,2

6,5

5,3

4,9

7,1Lower interest rates

Make the labour market more flexible (hiring and firing)

Reduce public spending

4,7

5,6

6,1

7,1

4,5

6,5Increase public investment

Retrict the entry of foreign products

Impose higher taxes on those earning most from their work

422,3

3,5

0 2 4 6 8 10

1,2

1,9

0 2 4 6 8 10

p g g

Inject capital into troubled banks

Raise taxes on consumption (VAT)


• In Europe generally, and especially in Spain, the majority would rather maintain or increase public spendingi ll h d i h h i f d d f l h ld l di bl d d


in all the areas stated, with the exception of sport and defence. Health, elderly care, disabled care andeducation are the most favoured areas overall, with Spaniards also keen to see higher spending on scientificresearch and assistance to the unemployed.

In today’s climate, do you think that the government of (COUNTRY) should reduce, maintain or increase public spending in the following areas? Base: all cases

Total EU countries (10) Spainp

55 6

59,1

67,3

40 5

37,9

29,4

2 4

2

2,5Health

Assistance to the elderly

Assistance to the disabled 75 3

72,8

77,5

23 9

26,8

21,7

44,7

52,8

55,6

45,9

41,9

40,5

7,3

4

2,4Assistance to the disabled

Education

Scientific research 62,1

65,1

75,3

34,4

33,4

23,9

2,6

33 2

33,8

40,8

54 3

54,8

47,8

10 5

9,3

9,9Assistance to the unemployed

Environment

Infrastructure 30 3

36,6

69,0

59

56,3

29,9

10 3

6,1

15,2

22,3

33,2

49,1

56,1

54,3

33,5

19,4

10,5Infrastructure

Culture

Defence 12,1

44,6

30,3

45,9

48,4

59

40,3

6,4

10,3

43

10,9 51,1 35,8

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Sport

Increase Maintain Reduce DK‐NA

13,1 53,9 31,9

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%


Perception of severity of national and world economic

crisis

Higher in the countries of southern Europe (Spain, Italy and France) and the United Kingdom

Politicians

+

Small companies

‐CR

ISIS

Compared to other Europeans, the Spanishexperience both the national and world crisis

most intensely and are the strongest advocates of

Politicians

Banks

National

Small companies

Citizens

Trade unionsY FO

R TH

E C

y gincreased public spending in diverse areas,

especially health, assistance to the elderly and disabled, education, scientific research and

assistance to the unemployed.

government

SPONSIBILIT

RES

Divided on whether to maintain or increase public spending to stimulate growth or

implement cuts and adjustments to balance the public accounts.

44

the public accounts.


• A predominantly adverse sentiment in Eurozone countries, the Netherlands excepted, about the euro's

THE ECONOMIC CRISIS AND THE EURO

A predominantly adverse sentiment in Eurozone countries, the Netherlands excepted, about the euro seffects on their national economies.

• The dominant view in all the non‐Eurozone members surveyed is that using the national currency ratherthan the euro has been a good thing for the country.

On balance, do you think having the euro as (COUNTRY’S) currency has been bad or good for thecountry? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means it has been

On balance, do you think that NOT having the euro as (COUNTRY’S) currency has been bad or good for the

country? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means it has been verycountry? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means it has been

very bad and 10 that is has been very good for the country. Base: all cases. Eurozone countries Non‐Eurozone countries

country? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means it has been very

bad and 10 that is has been very good for the country. Base: all cases.

4,5

5,3

Germany

Netherlands

7,5

7,8

Denmark

Sweden

4,3Italy

y

7,4UnitedKingdom

3,9France 7,2

C h

Poland

3,6

0 2 4 6 8 10

Spain

45

7,0

0 2 4 6 8 10

CzechRepublic


• Although a majority believe the euro has been bad for their economies, Eurozone citizens are set againstt i t th i ld ti l i


returning to their old national currencies.• A majority of Spaniards too are against leaving the euro and going back to the peseta. Support for the eurois strongest among men, adults aged from 55 to 64 and, especially, those of a higher educational level, thosedeclaring themselves on the right and those reading a newspaper every day.g g g p p y y

How much do you agree or disagree with “leave the euro and go back to the old national currency”

Spain TotalSex

3,8

and go back to the old national currencyAverage on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 means you totally disagree and 10 that

you totally agree Base: all cases. Male

FemaleAge

18‐2425‐34 4,1

3,6

4,23,3

4,5

4,5

Germany

Italy 35‐4445‐5455‐64


3,83,1

3,93,94,1

3,8

,

Spain

Age finished studying15 or under

16 to 1920 or over

Still studyingIdeology

2,82,8

3,94,4

3,7France

IdeologyLeft

CentreRight

Reading of newspapersD il 3 4

3,14,0

3,5

3,0

0 2 4 6 8 10

Netherlands

46

DailyAt least once a week

Less often 4,94,1

3,4

0 2 4 6 8 10


• Despite the negative views expressed about the euro's effect on national economies, a majority in almost allt i i ll th ithi th E b li th i l ill i


countries, especially those within the Eurozone, believe the single currency will survive.

• More than eight of every ten citizens in the Netherlands and Spain believe the euro will survive.

• Respondents in the Czech Republic and the UK have more divided views on the future of the euro.

And do you think the euro will disappear or survive? Base: all cases

83,4

88,2

66,7

8,9

7,9

20,7

7,7

3,8

12,5

Spain

Netherlands


76 7

76,9

78,9

11 1

13,5

12,6

12 1

9,6

8,5

Italy

Denmark

France

It will survive

69,6

67,8

76,7

25,7

22,5

11,1

4,7

9,7

12,1

Sweden

Germany

Italy It will disappear

DK‐NA

37,3

42,5

51,0

40,9

34,1

29,3

21,9

23,4

19,7

United Kingdom

Czech Republic

Poland

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

47


• Citizens in all countries are predominantly against giving the EU greater authority over the economic andb d t li i f M b St t f i i t d th t h t h ld t i ti l t l

THE ECONOMIC CRISIS AND THE EUROPEAN UNION

budget policies of Member States, preferring instead that each country should retain national control.

• The British, Czechs and Swedes are the most vehemently in favour of this second option.

Some people think that with European countries in crisis, the European Union should have more authority over the economic policies of all Member States. Others believe that each country should retain control of its own economic

policy. Which of these views is closer to your own?

44 1

33,4

51 7

60,2

4 2

6,3

Germany


Base: all cases

42,3

43,2

44,1

51,8

52,1

51,7

5,9

4,7

4,2

Italy

Netherlands

Germany

The European Union should have moreauthority over the economic policies of all

29,3

37,0

38,0

61,7

58,7

54,6

8,9

4,4

7,4

Denmark

France

Spainy p

Member States

Each country should retain control of its owneconomic policy

14 9

20,1

24,9

78 9

75,7

67

6 3

4,2

8,1

C h R bli

Sweden

Poland DK‐NA

11,1

14,9

78,6

78,9

10,3

6,3

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

United Kingdom

Czech Republic

48


• The deep and prolonged economic crisis besetting Europe over recent years has been felt to varying extents inth E t i d

ECONOMIC CRISIS AND PERSONAL LIFE

the European countries surveyed:

• The Spanish, Czechs, Italians, British, Polish, French and, in smaller measure, the Dutch feel that theeconomic crisis is affecting them to some extent or a great deal.

• Danes Swedes and Germans conversely are those feeling least personally affected• Danes, Swedes and Germans, conversely, are those feeling least personally affected.

To what extent is the current economic crisis in (COUNTRY) affecting you and your family? Is it not affecting you at all, notaffecting you much, affecting you to some extent or affecting you a great deal?

Base: population responding that there is a crisis in their country

31,6

20,8

41

44,6

23

26,2

4,2

7,5

0,1

1

España

Total Países UE (10)Total UE countries (10)

Spain

25 7

27,8

28,4

50 2

47,1

46,6

17 4

22,1

21,5

4 3

2,3

2,7

2 4

0,8

0,9

R i U id

Italia

República Checa

Mucho

Bastante

A great deal

To some extent

Czech Republic

Italy

U it d Ki d

20,5

23,3

25,7

54,3

45,2

50,2

18,2

25,1

17,4

6,9

4,3

4,3

0,1

2,1

2,4

Francia

Polonia

Reino Unido Bastante

Poco

Nada

To some extent

Not much

Not at all

United Kingdom

Poland

France

7,5

7,5

14,4

22,5

26,5

44

39,5

45

29,3

29,5

20,3

12,2

0,9

0,6

0,1

Suecia

Dinamarca

Países BajosNs‐NcDK‐NANetherlands

Denmark

Sweden

49

6,0

,

36,1

,

42,5

,

14,4

,

0,9

,

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Alemania

Sweden

Germany

• European citizens have adopted new or partly new habits of consumption in order to rein in their householddi i hi l b l d i l i di l f d h h


ECONOMIC CRISIS AND PERSONAL LIFE

spending. Buying white label products, cutting leisure expenses or spending less on food are the changesmost frequently reported with reference to the last year.

In the last year, have you made any of the following decisions or adopted any of the following habits?In the last year, have you made any of the following decisions or adopted any of the following habits?. “Percentage answering yes” Base: all cases

Total EU countries (10) SpainB hit l b l d t ( t b d )

37,9

53,6

65,1

53,0

72,9

74,7Buy white label products (store brands)

Cut spending on leisure and entertainment

Cut spending on food

23,6

25,4

41,2

20,2

19,4

50,7Dip into savings to pay household expenses

Work longer hours (with or without salary increase)

Postpone payment of a bill or invoice due

16,7

20,5

18,5

19,3

20,7

14,9Withdraw your savings from a bank or savings bank

Buy only national products

Borrow money to pay household expenses

i di d

4,4

5,9

9,0

2 0

3,9

6,5

14,7Give up your credit card

Move house because the old one was too expensive to keep up

Put your car up for sale

P t i id /h f l

2,0

2,8

0 20 40 60 80 100

0,7

2,0

0 20 40 60 80 100

50

Put your main residence/home up for sale

Put your second residence/home up for sale


Summary

5151


Some dimensions of Europeans’ political cultureEuropeans believe the state should play a highly active role in the control of the economy and express widespread support for the welfare state model. However, politicians fall below the trust threshold in all the countries surveyed.

The political culture of the ten European countries corresponds broadly to a dualist model

• Large segments interested and informed through daily

Countries with a high regard for the public sphere

Countries more distant from the public sphere

Large segments interested and informed through dailyreading of the newspaper

• High level of associationism

• Strong connection with the public space via diverse modesf i l d liti l ti i ti

• High level of interest, but low informedness

• Low level of associationism

• Significant (though minority) segments moved to action bythe current crisisof social and political participation

• More closeness and sympathy with political parties

• Medium‐high trust in groups and institutions

• Generally content with the state of democracy in their

the current crisis

• Greater distance from political insitutions and scant trustin the political class

• Medium‐low trust in groups and institutions• Generally content with the state of democracy in their

country

• Acceptance of the welfare state but also the marketeconomy, and of income differences deriving fromindividual effort and merit

• General discontent with the state of democracy in theircountry

• Widespread acceptance of the welfare state; also of aninterventionist state with responsibilities beyond the remitindividual effort and meritof a welfare state (regulation of wages, prices, etc.)

DenmarkSweden Italy

S i

Although some countries share traits with both groups, the countries

52

Netherlands Spain

Germany stands close to this group of countries but exhibits less connection with the public space

France stands close to this group of countries but exhibits more connection with the public space

g oups, t e cou t esmost characteristic of

each model are:


Europeans’ perceptions and attitudes towards the crisisEuropeans perceptions and attitudes towards the crisis

SIMILARITIES

• Unemployment and the crisis occupy the foreground of citizens’ map of concerns

• Widely held perception that the world economy is going through a profound crisis

• Responsibility for the crisis is laid at the door of both financial instutions and national and international political bodies and representatives

• Preference for increasing or maintaining public spending in almost every area

• Unwilling to grant the EU more authority over national economies in response to the crisis. Eurozone countries think the euro has been bad for their economies, but have no desire to revert to their old national currencies

• Besides collective strategies to surmount the crisis (mobilization) Europeans have adopted personal strategies and

Countries with a lesser perception of Countries with a stark perception of

• Besides collective strategies to surmount the crisis (mobilization), Europeans have adopted personal strategies and made economic decisions to balance their household income and expenses

DIFFERENCES:Countries with a lesser perception of national economic crisis

Countries with a stark perception of national economic crisis

DIFFERENCES:

• See the crisis of their national economy as not that serious • See the crisis of their national economy as very serious

D k

• Less personally affected by the crisis

• Tend to assign responsibility for the crisis to the countries of southern Europe

• Personally affected by the crisis to a large extent

• Likelier to divide responsibility for the crisis between the countries of northern and southern Europe

53

DenmarkSweden

NetherlandsGermany

ItalySpainFrance

Characteristic countries

Department of Social Studies and Public Opinion The Spanish

Interested in national and European news items but little effort to stay informed of events throughInterested in national and European news items, but little effort to stay informed of events through the press

Consider themselves gravely affected by the crisis: a significant though minority segment have engaged in some form of civic action against the crisis while a large majority have adopted personalengaged in some form of civic action against the crisis, while a large majority have adopted personal

strategies to rein in household spending

Low degree of trust in political and economic institutions (whom they hold largely responsible for the crisis) and widespread discontent with the political class. Political party membership is extremely

low, though a significant percentage sympathize with some or other party

Although democracy is considered not to be working well, voting in democratic elections is seen as g y g , gthe main way to influence public affairs

Strong supporters of the welfare state, they also call for the state to intervene widely in the economy. This widespread demand for the state to take a highly active role is crystallised at a time of crisis: citizens prefer to increase spending to boost growth rather than implement cuts to balance public finances, and favour maintaining or even raising expenditure in welfare state‐related areas,

while expressing strong support for state‐sponsored regulatory and stimulus measureswhile expressing strong support for state‐sponsored regulatory and stimulus measures

Adverse sentiment regarding the euro’s effects on the national economy, but no wish to abandon thesingle currency

54

Young Spaniards feel disengaged from political parties, despite being the most informed and activist segment


TECHNICAL NOTES

Geographical scope of the study: The Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Italy NetherlandsGeographical scope of the study: The Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands,Poland, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

Universe: in each country, the general population aged 18 or over.

Method: administered face‐to‐face interview in respondents' homes via CAPI (computer‐assisted personalMethod: administered face‐to‐face interview in respondents homes via CAPI (computer‐assisted personalinterviewing).

Sample size and distribution: 1,500 cases in each of the 10 countries. Multistage sample distributionstratified by region (NUTS classification or equivalent)/size of habitat, with primary units selected atrandom in each municipality. Selection of individual respondents by the last birthday rule.

Sampling error: The estimated sampling error is +/‐ 2.6% in each country for a confidence level of 95.5%and in the worst‐case scenario (p=q=0.5).

Survey period: November 2012 to January 2013.

Weighting: Total European results are arrived at by weighting each country’s data according to itspopulation weight in the sample of European countries surveyed.

Fieldwork: Fieldwork coordinated by IPSOS.

Study design and analysis: BBVA Foundation Department of Social Studies and Public Opinion.

55

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