PowerPoint Presentation

MANAGEMENT

&

Team Members

Devanshi PalanGul MehtaSamruddhi ChabraPragya MeghranjiniSiddhangana RayYeshika Bhartiya

AcknowledgementThis Interesting Project would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals.

We would like to Thank our Principal Madam- Mrs Neelam Chakraborty, Teachers of the EVS/ Science department for their continued support , Guidance and Supervision

Thank you for Enriching our minds

Water -The BIG deal Presence of water is one of the main reasons why planet Earth has life.

No life can exist sans this elixir- be it Humans, Plants, Animals or Microbes

Water is produced in universe as a byproduct ofstar formation. Manufacturing water needs a sudden burst of energy, which can be dangerous,

Much of the universe's water is produced as a byproduct ofstar formation. When stars are born, their birth is accompanied by a strong outward wind of gas and dust. When this outflow of material eventually impacts the surrounding gas, the shock waves that are created compress and heat the gas. The water observed is quickly produced in this warm dense gas.[174

Sources of Water FreshWater Distribution

02.014% ice caps and glaciers00.600% groundwater00.009% surface water00.005% soil moisture00.001% atmospheric moisture

The distribution of water is the key to understanding the hydrologic cycle as well as the availability of water for human use or consumption. The current distribution is as follows:Of this distribution, the two sources of available freshwater consist of groundwater and surface water. Therefore, approximately 98% of the available freshwater is in the form of groundwater while the remaining 2% is in the form of surface water.Surface water, a term typically used to refer to non-saline water that is naturally exposed to the atmosphere, is the least abundant type of available freshwater. It makes up roughly 2% of the freshwater which is available for human use. Precipitation is the primary source of surface water. Common types of surface water include streams, water runoff, rivers, lakes, and ponds.

Read more:http://www.cleanwaterstore.com/technical/water-sources/body_surface_water.php#ixzz2kdmCG988As seen in the schematic above, the hydrologic cycle is the continuous circulation of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the earth and back to the ocean. This cycle is solar powered as the water from the ocean and the land surface evaporates to the atmosphere. Throughout the cycle, water may be temporarily stored in lakes, streams, the soil, as groundwater, etc.Surface water is much more readily available for human use than other water sources such as ground water or glacial ice. This is due to the higher accessibility and abundance of surface water in many areas. This accessibility, however, does not make this form of freshwater the most optimal for human use. Surface water frequently has contaminants that require more robust and complete treatment than groundwater, which is often used without treatment.Groundwater constitutes the largest source of usable, unfrozen fresh water on the planet. Approximately 21% of the Earth's freshwater is in the form of ground water. Roughly fifty percent of the U.S. population derives some portion of their fresh water from ground water. In California, the majority of the usable water supplies are from ground water sources.Ground water is water which is located below the soil surface and contained in the pore spaces of bedrock, sand, gravel, and other such materials. Most ground water originates from precipitation that soaks into the ground. The ground water system as a whole leads the water in the general direction of the ocean. This can either occur by movement through the ground or by flowing out and joining streams or rivers. For the most part, there is a continuous process of exchange between stream flow surface waters and ground water.

Read more:http://www.cleanwaterstore.com/technical/water-sources/body_ground_water.php#ixzz2kdmWDQ4E

Read more:http://www.cleanwaterstore.com/technical/water-sources/body_ground_water.php#ixzz2kdmO7RAL

Read more:http://www.cleanwaterstore.com/technical/water-sources/body_surface_water.php#ixzz2kdmHenbh

Read more:http://www.cleanwaterstore.com/technical/water-sources/hydrologic_cycle.php#ixzz2kdloevD45

Water -The Need

Domestic

Agriculture

Industrial

Construction

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Water Why Conserve

AROUND 2.8 BILLION PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD, ARE AFFECTED BY WATER SCARCITY

WATER CANNOT BE MANUFACTURED.

1.2 BILLION PEOPLE LACK ACCESS TO SAFE AND AFFORDABLE WATER FOR THEIR DOMESTIC USE (WHO 2003)

EVER INCREASING HUMAN POPULATION AND L IS PLACING A HUGE DEMAND ON EXISTING WATER SUPPLY.

IN COMING DECADES WATER WILL BE A MAJOR CONSTRAINT FOR AGRICULTURE, ESPECIALLY IN ASIA &AFRICA.

CHANGING CLIMATIC CONDITIONS & RAPID URBANISATION ARE PREVENTING WATER RECHARGE & DISTURBING THE WATER CYCLE

Much of the universe's water is produced as a byproduct ofstar formation. When stars are born, their birth is accompanied by a strong outward wind of gas and dust. When this outflow of material eventually impacts the surrounding gas, the shock waves that are created compress and heat the gas. The water observed is quickly produced in this warm dense gas.[17Pressures on water resources are increasing mainly as a result of human activity namely urbanisation, population growth, increased living standards, growing competition for water, and pollution. These are aggravated byclimate changeand variations in natural conditions.7

Pressure on Resources

Population growth, particularly in water-short regions

Movement of people from the village to towns and cities

Demand for greater food security and higher living standards

Pollution from factories, cities, and farmlands.

Climate change& variability in the distribution & occurrence of water.

he past decade has witnessed a fundamental shift in public awareness of and concern about the threats to water resources and surroundingecosystems. But when it comes to policy, little has changed. Most decisions about the management of water resources remain the product of economic criteria and politically charged reasoning regardless of whether they concern a town, a region, a country or even several countries. Despite repeated calls from world experts, we are a long way from an approach to the management of water resources that reflects scientific understanding and use of best available practice. Meanwhile, the pressure on our water resources is mounting. till, some progress is being made. At the national and regional levels, officials are evaluating how much water of what quality is available, and coordinating efforts to manage its use. Increasingly these activities are being carried out by new organizations working across borders to address water resources shared by more than one country. For example, communities in flood-prone areas stand to benefit from recent international initiatives that take a joint approach to flood control8

Meeting the demand

Intercepting, diverting, storing and transferring waterRainwater harvestingWater diversionsStoring water in reservoirs Transferring water among basins

Water re-use

Desalination

he past decade has witnessed a fundamental shift in public awareness of and concern about the threats to water resources and surroundingecosystems. But when it comes to policy, little has changed. Most decisions about the management of water resources remain the product of economic criteria and politically charged reasoning regardless of whether they concern a town, a region, a country or even several countries. Despite repeated calls from world experts, we are a long way from an approach to the management of water resources that reflects scientific understanding and use of best available practice. Meanwhile, the pressure on our water resources is mounting. till, some progress is being made. At the national and regional levels, officials are evaluating how much water of what quality is available, and coordinating efforts to manage its use. Increasingly these activities are being carried out by new organizations working across borders to address water resources shared by more than one country. For example, communities in flood-prone areas stand to benefit from recent international initiatives that take a joint approach to flood control9

Conservation- GOALS

SUSTAINABILITY. The withdrawal of fresh water from an ecosystem should not exceed its natural replacement rate.

ENERGY CONSERVATION. Water pumping, delivery and waste water treatment facilities consume a significant amount of energy. In some regions of the world over 15% of total electricity consumption is devoted to water management.

HABITAT CONSERVATION. Minimizing human water use helps to preserve fresh water habitats for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl, as well as reducing the need to build newdams and other water diversion infrastructures.

Much of the universe's water is produced as a byproduct ofstar formation. When stars are born, their birth is accompanied by a strong outward wind of gas and dust. When this outflow of material eventually impacts the surrounding gas, the shock waves that are created compress and heat the gas. The water observed is quickly produced in this warm dense gas.[1710

Boond boond se sagar bharta hai-

do your bitDesignate one glass for your drinking water or refill a bottle. This will cut down on number of glasses to wash

Use a pan to wash vegetables instead of running water

Turn off the tap while you brush & save up to 4 gallons a minute or up to 200 gallons a week for a family of four!!

use theHome Water Audit Calculatorto see where you can save water

Designate one glass for your drinking water each day, or refill a water bottle. This will cut down on the number of glasses to washUse plants that require less waterGet an Energy Star labeled electric devicesTake shorter showers Five minutes or less is bestTurn off the water while soaping hands, shaving & brushing teethTurn off sink faucet while scrubbing dishes & potsInstall new toilets that use less than 1.6 gallons per flushUse a broom not a hose to clean driveways & walkwaysPlace a bucket in the shower to catch excess water and use this to water plants.Insulate your water pipes. You'll get hot water faster and avoid wasting water while it heats up.Shorten your shower by a minute or two and youll save up to 150 gallons per month.#25Time your shower to keep it under 5 minutes. Youll save up to 1,000 gallons per month.#32Turn off the water while you brush your teeth and save up to 4 gallons a minute. Thats up to 200 gallons a week for a family of four.

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Rain water Harvesting

RECHARGE WATER TABLE REPLENISH YOUR TANKSTAP THIS PURE AND FREE WATER ANYWHERE TO MANAGE NEEDS

he source document for this Digest states:Dealing with variability in water runoff in particular has led to centuries-old practices of intercepting, diverting and storing water so that adequate volumes would be available to match the needs and demands of the users.Rainwater harvestingRainwater management, also known as harvesting, is receiving renewed attention as an alternative to or a means of augmenting water sources. Intercepting and collecting rainwater where it falls is a practice that extends back to pre-biblical times (Pereira et al., 2002). It was used 4,000 years ago in Palestine and Greece; in South Asia over the last 8,000 years (Pandey et al., 2003); in ancient Roman residences where cisterns and paved courtyards captured rain that supplemented the citys supply from aqueducts; and as early as 3000 BC in Baluchistan where farming communities impounded rainwater for irrigation. Recently in India, it has been used extensively to directly rechargegroundwaterat rates exceeding natural recharge conditions (UNESCO, 2000; Mahnot et al., 2003). Reports from other international organizations focusing on this area5indicate that eleven recent projects across Delhi resulted in groundwater level increases of from 5 to 10 metres in just two years. In fact, the application of rainwater management in India is likely to be one of the most updated and modern in the world. The site www.rainwaterharvesting.org provides links to cases where rainwater management has been successfully applied in different nations in both urban and rural settings. An advantage of the technique is that its costs are relatively modest and that individual or community programmes can locally develop and manage the required infrastructures (collection devices, basins, storage tanks, surface or below-ground recharge structures or wells). Larger rain harvesting schemes, which intercept runoff using low-height berms or spreading dikes to increase infiltration, have also been introduced in upstream catchments wheredeforestationhas decreased water availability. The various methods of rainwater harvesting that have the potential to satisfy local community and crop demands are described in UNEP (2005).

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FREEZING DESALINATION

Desalination

MULTISTAGE FLASHDESALINATORA STEAM INB SEAWATER INC POTABLE WATER D WASTE OUTE STEAM OUTF HEAT EXCHANGEG CONDENSATION COLLECTIONH BRINE HEATER

REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANTDISTILLATIONION EXCHANGEMEMBRANE PROCESSSOLAR DESALINATIONSEAWATER GREENHOUSE

Desalination is used mainly in water-scarce coastal arid and semi-arid areas that are located inland where the only available water source is saline or brackishgroundwater. The technology has been well established since the mid-twentieth century and has evolved substantially to meet the increased demands of water-short areasAccording to the latest statistics in 2002 from IDA (International Desalination Association)7about 50 percent of global desalination takes place in the Middle East, followed by North America (16 percent), Europe (13 percent), Asia (11 percent) Africa (5 percent) and the Caribbean (3 percent). South America and Australia each account for about 1 percent of the global desalination volume. Globally, the contracted capacity of desalination plants is 34.2 million m3/day converting principally seawater (59 percent) and brackish water (23 percent). In terms of the uses of desalinated water, municipalities are the largest users (63 percent), followed by substantial industry use (25 percent). The cost of producing desalinated water has fallen dramatically in the past two decades.Desalination,desalinization,desalinisationordesaltingrefers to any of several processes that remove some amount ofsaltand othermineralsfrom salinewater.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_desalination PAKISTAN13

Storing &Transferring

DAMS & RESERVOIRS FOR STORAGEAQUADUCTS FOR INTERBASIN TRANSFERS

http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/l-3/5-growing-demand.htm#1p3he construction of dams to create reservoirs has frequently been our response to growing demands for water to provide hydropower, irrigation, potable supplies, fishing and recreation, as well as to lower the impacts and risks to our well-being from high-intensity events such as floods and droughts. These facilities collect natural runoff, frequently quite variable in its location, duration and magnitude, and store it so that its availability is more constant and reliable. Good information on the number and capacity of dams is essential to assess impacts and responses at the local, national and regional levels in order to optimize water resources management, but it is also needed to address issues related to global climate and water availability scenarios (see Chapter 5).Though the creation of reservoirs enables higher water availability when and where it is needed, the construction of these facilities has had a considerable impact, both positive and negative, on the Earthsecosystemsand landscapes and has resulted in modifications to the interactions among the components of the hydrological cycle. Despite increased benefits derived from the services reservoirs provide, there is ongoing debate about how to prevent and reduce the social and environmental consequences that come from building dams and creating reservoirs. Following considerable media attention and local actions some practices are changing. Large dam construction rates have slowed, at least temporarily, and there have been advances in the reconsideration of alternatives and design criteria. Some existing dams that no longer provide extensive services have been decommissioned. Lastly, existing reservoir operations and structures have been modified to allow releases. A balance between what enters and what is released is required to have a sites upstream and downstream hydrological settings and supporting ecosystems sustained. When such a balance is achieved, the results are substantial. There are both added benefits and potential further value to the role of reservoirs in development scenarios.he transfer of water from one river oraquiferbasin to another basin has long been used as a way to meet water demands, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. It occurs often when large populations or, more commonly, agricultural demands have outstripped existing water resources. Even in advanced national development stages, some basins can have surplus water resources while others face shortages. Major long-distance schemes exist in many nations and new ones are in development. Linking the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna system with other rivers in India is part of the solution being offered to counteract extensive recurring droughts and floods. For example, Shao et al. (2003) present the situation in China where there are seven existing major transfers and seven more planned or under consideration. They describe a large-scale south-to-north basin transfer involving the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers basins which, when completed, would divert 450 km3/yr. They also point out some of the impacts of such a large scheme. Multi-disciplinary approaches allow evaluation of the feasibility and sustainability of transfer schemes. Global experience has shown that although the transfer of water among basins has been identified as a hydraulically and technically feasible response, before proceeding with such potential changes, broad social and environmental considerations must be taken into account.

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0016/001610/161070mo.pdf14

Aquifer Recharge-

http://www.slideshare.net/RKlingbeil/r-klingbeil-2013-managed-aquifer-recharge-mar-and-aquifer-storage-recovery-asr-with-examples-from-the-regionDiverting surface waters into nearby spreading basins/infiltration lagoons, ditches, recharge pits or injection wells to recharge alluvial or other types ofaquifersare techniques used to deal with natural variability in flow, reduce evaporative losses, and obtain better quality water. Water diversion programmes being established around the globe are referred to as ASR (artificial storage and recovery) or MAR (managedaquiferrecharge) (see Box 4.6). This practice is being applied in arid and semi-arid locations throughout the Middle East and Mediterranean regions. Runoff in wadis (dry riverbeds that only contain water during times of heavy rain) that otherwise would discharge into the sea or evaporate, is collected behind earthen berms following infrequent but heavy rainfall. The water infiltrates into the underlying alluvial gravel thereby remaining available for substantively longer periods without the excessively evaporative losses that would typically occur from surface storage. In wetter areas, diversions into alluvium are used as a means not only to store and maintaingroundwater-dependentecosystems, but also to reduce the treatment needed for the water supplies systems taken from the alluvium further downstream.http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/l-3/5-growing-demand.htm#1p2http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wr/asr/asr-home.html"Conjunctive use" and "artificial recharge" are closely related water resource management practices, and the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Conjunctive use is a combination of management practices intended to make the best use of surface water during wet periods and ground water during dry periods, but does not necessarily imply the active water storage activities used in ASR. Artificial recharge (AR) is focused on actively moving water from the surface into ground water systems. AR can be seen at as the storage part of aquifer storage and recovery. More than 100 ASR facilities are in operation worldwide. Many states (Arizona, California, Florida, Nevada, and Texas to name a few) have ASR sites ranging from pilot projects to full operations. Aquifer Storage and RecoveryAquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) involves injecting water into an aquifer through wells or by surface spreading and infiltration and then pumping it out when needed. The aquifer essentially functions as a water bank. Deposits are made in times of surplus, typically during the rainy season, and withdrawals occur when available water falls short of demand. ASR systems are used for seasonal storage and recovery, long-term storage, emergency storage and for reclaimed water reuse (stormwater, wastewater). The benefits of these systems are many and include, restoration of ground water levels, prevention of saltwater intrusion, reduction of land subsidence, enhancement of base flow to streams, and pathogen or contaminant reduction (i.e. passive treatment systems).http://www.slideshare.net/RKlingbeil/r-klingbeil-2013-managed-aquifer-recharge-mar-and-aquifer-storage-recovery-asr-with-examples-from-the-region15

Activated sludge process, uses micro-organisms to absorb & adsorb complex bio-massAnaerobic wastewater treatment processes are used in the treatment of industrial wastewaters and biological sludge.

Water Treatment

activated sludgeprocess, based on the maintenance and recirculation of a complex biomass composed by micro-organisms able to absorb andadsorbthe organic matter carried in the wastewater.Anaerobi16

Grey water Reuse

Grey water requires very little or no treatment and provides valuable nutrients to plantsThe easiest way to use greywater is to pipe it directly outside and to water ornamental plants or fruit trees

While greywater may look dirty, it is a safe and even beneficial source of irrigation water in a yard. If released into rivers, lakes, or estuaries, the nutrients in greywater become pollutants, but to plants, they are valuable fertilizer. Aside from the obvious benefits of saving water (and money on your water bill), reusing your greywater keeps it out of the sewer or septic system, thereby reducing the chance that it will pollute local water bodies. Reusing greywater for irrigation reconnects urban residents and our backyard gardens to the natural water cycle.The easiest way to use greywater is to pipe it directly outside and use it to water ornamental plants or fruit trees. Greywater can be used directly on vegetables as long as it doesn't touch edible parts of the plants. In any greywater system, it is essential to put nothing toxic down the drain--no bleach, no dye, no bath salts, no cleanser, no shampoo with

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Reduce Reuse in Agriculturethe biggest water consumer

5. Implementing micro-irrigation

6. Using intercropping agroforestry and cover crop

4. Improving rainwater harvesting

3. Using mobile technology to save water

1: Improving soil conservation2: Planting perennial crops

Here are the top six farming practices proven to be effective for reducing water use and water waste:6: Using intercropping, agroforestry, and cover cropsSoil health is critical to water conservation. Diversifying farms by including cover crops, planting trees on farms, and intercropping (planting complementary crops in the same field) can help keep nutrients and water in the soil. These practices can protect plants from drought and make sure that every drop of water from rain or irrigation can be used.5: Implementing micro-irrigationWith around 60 percent of water used for irrigation wasted, irrigation practices can be to blame for a lot of water loss. Alternate methods such as drip irrigation can be more expensive to install, but research from theInternational Fund for Agricultural Development(IFAD) and theInternational Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas(ICARDA) shows they can also be 33 to 40 percent more efficient, carrying water or fertilizers directly to plants roots.4: Improving rainwater harvestingRainwater is critical to global agriculture. Since the 1980s, theInternational Food Policy Research Institutehas documented how farmers in Burkina Faso have modified traditional practices to maximize rainwater resources. By expanding traditional planting pits, known as zai, and adding organic materials, they now can hold captured rainwater much longer, helping farmers to increase yields even in years with low rainfall.3: Using mobile technology to save waterMobile phones have been shown to be an extremely valuable resource for farmers, particularly in developing countries. Santosh Ostwal is an innovator and entrepreneur in India who has developed a system that allows farmers to use mobile phones to turn their irrigation systems on and off remotely. This helps reduce the amount of water and electricity wasted on watering fields that are already saturated.2: Planting perennial cropsPerennial crops protect the soil longer than annual crops, which reduces water loss from runoff. According to areportfromThe Land Institute, annual grain crops can cause five times as much water loss as perennial crops, and waste 35 times as much nitrate.1: Improving soil conservationUsing soil conservation techniques, including no-till farming, can make some of the biggest differences when it comes water use. According to theU.N. Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO), no-till farming techniques increase the amount of water that land can hold, and improve crops ability to use water resources efficiently.Farmers and gardeners are powerful people, helping to ensure that food is available for everyone, and they can play a powerful role in reducing water consumption and water waste. The United Nations has declared 2013 the International Year of Water Cooperation, and Food Tank will feature more water use innovations every day to celebrate World Water Day on March 22nd. Working together ensures that everyone has access to enough water!Globally, the agricultural sector consumes about 70% of the planet's accessible freshwater1Between 1535% of water use by agriculture is estimated to be unsustainable2. Moreover, agriculture wastes 60% or 1,500 trillion litres, of the 2,500 trillion litres of water it uses each year.

Many big food producing countries like the US, China, India, Pakistan, Australia and Spain have reached, or are close to reaching, their renewable water resource limits.

The main causes of wasteful and unsustainable water use are:leaky irrigation systemswasteful field application methodscultivation of thirsty crops not suited to the environment.The problem is made worse by misdirected subsidies, low public and political awareness of the crisis, and weak environmental legislation.Multiple environmental impactsUnsustainable water use harms the environment by changing the water table and/or depleting ground water supplies.

Excessive irrigation can also increase soil salinity and washpollutantsandsedimentinto rivers causing damage tofreshwater ecosystemsand species as well as those further downstream, includingcoral reefsand coastal fish breeding grounds.Pesticide pollutants

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