Military Aspect of Politics

Future of Myanmar

Aung Ko Ko Toe

Knowledge Propagation Society (KPS)

Mandalay

OUTLINE

FIRST ………………. Case Study (Myanmar)

SECOND,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Theory

Civilian Approach Military Approach

Civil-Military Relation

Military Aspect of Politics International Politics

Background Condition

(The role of Army)

Struggling Period for independence Parliament Democracy RC (Revolutionary Council) BSPP (Burmese Socialist Programme Party) 8888 Period SLORC SPDC Transition Period………………

PartyArmyState

ArmyPartyState

ArmyStateParty

StateArmyParty

ModernDemocraticStates

Military Dictatorial State

Present China

Army-Party-State

Mao Zedong

Came From the GunCame From the People

Abraham Lincoln

Political Power

Demilitarization Process

MilitarizationDEMOCRACY

Transitional Process

Total Change Change through political system Change through economic system

Revolutionary Change Evolutionary Change

Linear Or Non-linear

Civilian Military OutputStrong Weak Civilian Control

Strong Strong Wealth State(or) instability

Weak Weak Fail State / Weak Regime

Weak Strong Military Regime

How Condition in Myanmar

Condition in Myanmar

Legitimacy Problem Militant Culture Radical Trend – Revolution Poverty Trap Power Struggle Transition of institutions (Period)

(Military Regime to Democratic Regime)

Myanmar Social-political Value (S.P.V)

POLITCAL CULTURE

1. Apolitical2. Radical

SOCIAL CULTURE

1. Normative Approach2. Weak Trust3. Personal Cult

Social-political Value (S.P.V)

Vicious Circle

(S.P.V)

Factionalism Dogmatism

Marxism

RadicalLess of Trust

NormativePersonal Cult

Gray Zone Condition

CSOs and CBOs / GONGOs (Government Owned Non Government Organization)

Armed Groups and People War Strategy Media

Printed Media and Digital Media Political Party

Opposition Party / Ruling Party & Proxy Party

Constitution

Exist Strategy (Road Map) Power Distribution (in two branches) Space & Limitation Playing Field Desire - From Local Boss to Global Boss

Role in constitution or Not

Commander in chief & President appoint to Home Affair, Defense, Border

Affair Ministers National Defense & Security Council (NDSC) 25 % Bureaucracy (Public Administration)Business Other (eg; Academic Elite Class)

What on Focus?

Military build up1) Internal Affair 2) External Affair

Civil War, Conflict - instability Political, Religious, Ethnic, Economic or General

External Threat, Invasion Border Affair Hot War Condition Closely Position with Rough State.

Military Build Up

Military Power drives from –

Size of a state’s armed forces Quality & Quantity of weaponry Military Budget Moral Organizations Leadership Training

Military Build Up

Ground Navy Air forces

CIA………..

Military Power

The modern world, strategic Nuclear weapons have been the most vital measures of a state’s military strength.

A state cannot be considered as a major military power if it lack strategic nuclear weapons.

WMD (weapon of mass destruction)1) Nuclear

2) Chemical

3) Biological weapons……………

Military Power – National Power

State are struggling not only in total war but also for the threat of force throughout all international systems.

Military Power remains a key to the survival and national power of states in international relation.

Awareness Factor

- Isolated Cover1) Self Budget 2) Self Engineering3) Self Health4) Self Education

CAUSES OF Capacity Limitation of People……../

More Interdependence, Best RelationTARGET; Civilian Control Government.

Role (FUNCTION)

Civiliana) For State Building

b) For Development

c) For State Power Military

I. For Defense

II. For Security & Stability

III. For deterrence to prevent External Threats

IV. Human Security

Military Direction

State Power ? Repress ? Non-Secession ? Stability ? Duty ?

For State Building & Nation Building ?

(eg; SPDC)

Relation b/t Social Classes

Relation between MILITARY & Social Class

Upper Class - Elite, Aristocracy Middle Class – Bourgeoisie Lower Class - Working class

Civil Military Relation

Relation between ruling party and opposition groups in Myanmar.

Hardliner Reformer Moderate Radical

Military Professionalism

What is Professional?

Military Professionalism

Such as (in Military Field) Scholar Academic Person Educated

- Ethic base, Norm base, Skill Full base, Functional base :

- Professional Characteristics of Army.

Causes of Good Future

5 R) Recognition Respect Road your Self Responsibility Reconciliation

Civilian Control

Dependence– Budget, Technology Military Science Technocrat Expert to Military Affair (esp. in Parliament) Change to Militant Culture (Radical Mindset) Democratic Standard Professionalism Breakdown – 25 % Institutionalization (Democratic institution)

Soldier is every where exist.

Politics is the Art of Possible*****Politics is change enemy as

Friend….Dagon Taryar (Great Poet)

Brake Time

Military Aspect of Politics

Not permanent Friend,There is every Interest.

Henry Kissinger

View of Politics

Realist View base on interest base on security Struggle for Survival

Liberalist View base on value base on norm equality, freedom, moderate Cooperation *** interdependence

Main Theme Factor.

Civilian control of the military, Military professionalism, War, Civil-military operations, Military institutions

Western CLAUSEWITZ

Eastern SUNZU (China)

What is War?

What is Military?

Definition

(Differences) – Military and War

Armed Forces of the Country Characteristics of soldiers or armed forces

War is the continuation of Politics by other means.

Kar Von Clausewitz (1832)

War is a conflict between or among political groups.

Military

Military Attachéan army officer serving with an embassy as anobserver to a foreign Army.

Military Policeresponsible for policing and disciplinaryduties in the armed forces.

Not include…….

Military - 1

Study Area

1) Individual Level2) State Level3) International Level

Military - 2

Individual LevelCharacteristic of individual Leader (Major Leader)

Studying as Comparative to opposite size

Nature of Differences

Nature of CivilianA. Norm (right things do)B. EthnicC. FlexibilityD. Multicultural E. Diversity & PluralistF. Soft & Smart PowerG. PoliticsH. Partnership

Nature of Military1) Aggressive2) Rigid3) Focus on Security4) Interest 5) Hierarchy 6) Order7) Do things right8) Homogeneous 9) Hard Power (Armed)

War is a conflict between or among political groups

1. Territorial Disputes2. Control of Government3. Economic Conflict4. Ethnic Conflict5. Religious Conflict6. Ideological Conflict

Cause of War

History

Individual Family Clan Tribe Nation City State State Empire Union - United

History Background

Warlord King Emperor (Lord of Kings)

Field MarshalGeneral

PresidentPrime Minister

Power Concept

Super Power Hyper Power Great Power Regional Power Middle Power Small Power

State’s Power – indication level

Power instruments

1) Hard Power2) Soft Power3) Smart Power

Hard Power – to coercive tactics,Threat or use of armed forces, EconomicPressure or sanctions, Assassination…. Etc..

Two Era.

War & Peace

War Era Peace Era

Peace is the preparation period in order to become war cause.

Aspect on War

Political Science Approach Internal case Type of War

International Relation Approach External case Global International – Beyond to Border

Political Science approach on War

Types of War

1) Conventional War

2) Unconventional War

3) Guerrilla War

4) Counter-guerrilla War

5) Civil War

6) Rebellion & Revolution

7) Low-intensity warfare

IR approach on War

Types of War

1) General War – Total War

2) Limited War

3) Civil war

4) Conventional War

5) Nuclear War

6) Asymmetric Warfare

Conventional War

Use of modern weapons Such as …. Tanks, Warplanes, Warships or

Destroyers.. Without WMD … Eg;

I. Israeli- Arab warII. Indian-Pakistan warIII. Falkland war (1982)

Civil War (PS) & (IR) Asymmetric War (IR)

o weaker to Stronger opponent o in boundary o between Army and Armed groupso American Civil waro Somalia or Liberia (fighting for control of fail states)o Chechens in Russiao Tamils in Sri Lanka(Ethno-natioanalist movement)o Sierra Leono Rwanda(ethnic, clan, religious groups)

State to State State Level between Strong State and weak State

North Vietnamese against to USA (1950) Mujahedeen in Afghanistan against USSR (1980)

Civil War

Few civil wars are solely domestic and they often became international events.

State, groups and individual from outside of the warring country involve – - Funding particular groups- Selling weapons to various factions- Diplomatically supporting one group over

other.

Limited War

War can be classified as limited wars on the basis of goals pursued, the type of weapons used and target.

Korea War – 1950 - 53 Vietnam War – 1960 - Gulf War (First Gulf war) - 1991 Afghanistan War - 2001 Iraq-Iran War (Second Gulf war) - 2003

The Role of Myanmar’s Military

Civil-Military Relation

Military Aspect of Politics

WARPolitical Science International relation

Conclusion