History Of the History Of the Middle EastMiddle East

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MesopotamiaMesopotamia 3500 BC3500 BC Mesopotamia-Mesopotamia- “ “Between Between

the rivers” the rivers” Region along the Tigris and Region along the Tigris and

Euphrates River where a Euphrates River where a very successful civilization very successful civilization lived. lived.

Center of farming and tradeCenter of farming and trade Developed an irrigation Developed an irrigation

systemsystem Developed a sailboatDeveloped a sailboat Developed a writing systemDeveloped a writing system Networked with other Networked with other

people to develop ideas people to develop ideas about agriculture, laws, and about agriculture, laws, and religion. religion.

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Founding of Judaism, Founding of Judaism, Christianity, and IslamChristianity, and Islam

All three All three monotheistic monotheistic religions claim religions claim Jerusalem, Israel as Jerusalem, Israel as their holy city.their holy city.

Creation of JudaismCreation of Judaism:: 1800-1500 BCE1800-1500 BCE

Creation of ChristianityCreation of Christianity::

0-100 CE0-100 CE

Creation of IslamCreation of Islam::

610 CE610 CE

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Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

1299-19231299-1923 Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire The Turks from Central The Turks from Central

Asia established the Asia established the Ottoman Empire in the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East Region. Middle East Region. Islam was the empire’s Islam was the empire’s official religion. official religion. Ottoman rulers did Ottoman rulers did allow people of other allow people of other faiths to live in peace faiths to live in peace in their empirein their empire. .

USSR Gains ControlUSSR Gains Control

19221922 Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire

CollapsesCollapses Soviet Union takes Soviet Union takes

over Kazakhstan, over Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan.

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Nation of Israel CreatedNation of Israel Created

19481948 Israel is founded as a Israel is founded as a

Jewish State. Israel is Jewish State. Israel is recognized by the recognized by the United Nations as a United Nations as a separate country. separate country. Since the creation of Since the creation of the nation, Israel has the nation, Israel has fought many bloody fought many bloody wars with the Arab wars with the Arab nations that border it. nations that border it.

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Palestinian Liberation Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) FoundedOrganization (PLO) Founded

19641964 The Palestine Liberation The Palestine Liberation

Organization (PLO) is Organization (PLO) is founded with the aim of founded with the aim of destroying Israel and destroying Israel and returning lands in Israel returning lands in Israel to the Palestinian to the Palestinian people. people.

This well known This well known terrorist organization terrorist organization uses violence and uses violence and terrorism to send its terrorism to send its messages to themessages to the world.world.

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Wars in PalestineWars in Palestine 1967 Six Day War1967 Six Day War: :

Egypt, Syria, and Jordan Egypt, Syria, and Jordan form an alliance against form an alliance against Israel. Israel retaliates Israel. Israel retaliates and gains control of the and gains control of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem.and East Jerusalem.

1973 Yon Kipper War1973 Yon Kipper War: : Egypt, Syria, and other Egypt, Syria, and other Muslim nations attack Muslim nations attack Israel. Israel rebounds Israel. Israel rebounds and controls even more and controls even more Palestinian lands. Palestinian lands.

1982 War1982 War: Israeli jets : Israeli jets bomb PLObomb PLO strongholds strongholds in Beirut, Lebanon. The in Beirut, Lebanon. The Israelis hoped to Israelis hoped to eliminate the PLO and eliminate the PLO and sign a new peace treaty. sign a new peace treaty. A peace treaty was not A peace treaty was not signed and the violence signed and the violence continues today.continues today.

Saddam Hussein Rules IraqSaddam Hussein Rules Iraq 1979-20031979-2003 A violent, harsh and cruel A violent, harsh and cruel

dictator that ruled Iraq with an dictator that ruled Iraq with an iron fist. iron fist.

Saddam supported the nation Saddam supported the nation of Palestine, used chemical of Palestine, used chemical weapons in battle against their weapons in battle against their neighbor Iran, and committed neighbor Iran, and committed genocide against the Kurds of genocide against the Kurds of Northern Iraq. It has been Northern Iraq. It has been estimated that the regime of estimated that the regime of Saddam killed around 180,000 Saddam killed around 180,000 people.people.

In 2006, Saddam was captured In 2006, Saddam was captured and hanged for his crimes and hanged for his crimes against humanity. against humanity.

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Iranian Revolution Iranian Revolution 19791979 A revolution that transformed Iran A revolution that transformed Iran

from a monarchy, to an Islamic from a monarchy, to an Islamic Republic. Republic.

The country is ruled by the The country is ruled by the Ayatollah: a religious scholar of Ayatollah: a religious scholar of Islam.Islam.

Government is formed from Islamic Government is formed from Islamic ideals with the goal of removing ideals with the goal of removing western culture from Iran. The western culture from Iran. The revolution made Islamic revolution made Islamic fundamentalism a political force. fundamentalism a political force. There is evidence of financial and There is evidence of financial and military support of terrorist groups military support of terrorist groups like Hamas, Hezbollah, and the PLO like Hamas, Hezbollah, and the PLO by the Iranian government. by the Iranian government.

Iranians believe that obeying the Iranians believe that obeying the Islamic government is an expression Islamic government is an expression of obedience to Allah. of obedience to Allah.

Human rights are often violated. Human rights are often violated. Death and imprisonment for those Death and imprisonment for those who oppose the republic, restricted who oppose the republic, restricted freedom of speech, and gender freedom of speech, and gender inequality is present. Women are inequality is present. Women are often given lashes or imprisonment often given lashes or imprisonment for exposing body parts other than for exposing body parts other than faces and hands. Women that are faces and hands. Women that are caught interacting with males other caught interacting with males other than their relatives are also than their relatives are also punished severely. punished severely.

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Gulf WarGulf War 19911991 Gulf War- A conflict Gulf War- A conflict

between Iraq led by between Iraq led by Hussein and 30 Hussein and 30 nations led by the nations led by the United States. Iraq United States. Iraq accused Kuwait of accused Kuwait of illegally drilling oil in illegally drilling oil in their country to sell for their country to sell for profit. profit.

Iraq was defeated and Iraq was defeated and Kuwait was set free.Kuwait was set free.

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War on Terrorism War on Terrorism 20012001 War in AfghanistanWar in Afghanistan The war began in The war began in

October of 2001 in October of 2001 in response to the terrorists response to the terrorists attacks of September attacks of September 1111thth, 2001. The war , 2001. The war marked the beginning of marked the beginning of the United States war on the United States war on terrorism. The goal of terrorism. The goal of the war was to remove the war was to remove the Taliban from power the Taliban from power and find the al-Qaeda and find the al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden.leader Osama Bin Laden. This war is not related This war is not related to Iraq or to Saddam to Iraq or to Saddam Hussein. Hussein.

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War in IraqWar in Iraq 2003: Iraqi Freedom 2003: Iraqi Freedom A coalition of countries led by the A coalition of countries led by the

United States attacks Iraq and United States attacks Iraq and removes Saddam Hussein (violent removes Saddam Hussein (violent dictator) from power as an dictator) from power as an attempt to establish a democracy attempt to establish a democracy and remove weapons of mass and remove weapons of mass destruction.destruction.

The United Nations inspectors The United Nations inspectors have never found any of the have never found any of the nuclear weapons. There are nuclear weapons. There are questions to intentions of the USA questions to intentions of the USA in Iraq. in Iraq.

SomeSome people feel that the war in people feel that the war in Iraq is a ploy of the United States Iraq is a ploy of the United States government to establish a government to establish a presence in the Middle East and presence in the Middle East and control the oil reserves that the control the oil reserves that the United States desperately United States desperately depends on. depends on.

Saddam Hussein is not connected Saddam Hussein is not connected Osama Bin Laden’s al-Qaeda Osama Bin Laden’s al-Qaeda terrorist network. terrorist network. There is NO There is NO connection between the terrorists connection between the terrorists and the war in Iraq. and the war in Iraq.