Middle East

U.S. PolicyIsrael & Its IssuesArab World & Arab Issues

Monday, May 13, 13

Jihad versus McWorldby Benjamin Barber

Monday, May 13, 13

Jihad versus McWorldby Benjamin Barber

Meaning?

Monday, May 13, 13

Jihad versus McWorldby Benjamin Barber

Meaning? Forces today:

– Globalization– Tribalism (nationalism, fundamentalism)

Monday, May 13, 13

Jihad versus McWorldby Benjamin Barber

Meaning? Forces today:

– Globalization– Tribalism (nationalism, fundamentalism)

American foreign policy in the Middle East

Monday, May 13, 13

Monday, May 13, 13

OIL

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David Ben-Gurion

ZIONISM or the creation of the State of Israel

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RELIGIONS

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Fundamentalism

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Judaism

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Israel: A Brief History

Zionism Balfour Declaration (1917)

– Palestine for Jews & Arabs? Israel

– 1948 created.– War (same year)

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Suez Crisis 1956 Six Days War 1967 Munich Games 1972 Black September Yom Kippur War 1973 Camp David Accords 1978

– Israel (Begin) and Egypt (Sadat)– Sinai returned to Egypt– Egypt recognizes Israel

Lebanese War 1982-3Monday, May 13, 13

West Bank Uprisings 1987-9

1988 PLO recognizes Israel Oslo Accord (1993) p. 226

– Israel withdrawal from Gaza, West Bank Shepherdstown, W.V.

– Syria & Israel – Issues: Golan Heights, Israeli security, &

water. – Palestinians returning to Israel

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Monday, May 13, 13

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Monday, May 13, 13

Arab World

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Arab World

End of Ottoman Empire: Turks are not Arab.

Monday, May 13, 13

Arab World

End of Ottoman Empire: Turks are not Arab.

Mandate system after WW I.

Monday, May 13, 13

Arab World

End of Ottoman Empire: Turks are not Arab.

Mandate system after WW I. Pan-Arab movements have not been

very successful.

Monday, May 13, 13

Arab World

End of Ottoman Empire: Turks are not Arab.

Mandate system after WW I. Pan-Arab movements have not been

very successful. Islamic fundamentalism in Egypt,

Algeria, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia and Iran.

Monday, May 13, 13

Arab World

End of Ottoman Empire: Turks are not Arab.

Mandate system after WW I. Pan-Arab movements have not been

very successful. Islamic fundamentalism in Egypt,

Algeria, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia and Iran.

Anti-Americanism & Anti-Soviet.Monday, May 13, 13

Monday, May 13, 13

Monday, May 13, 13

The Suez Crisis 1956 Nasser becomes leader of Egypt Aswan Dam Project US funding cancelled Sealed off Port of Eilat (cause) Israeli

Army invades (effect) Nationalizes Suez (cause) French &

British invade (effect)

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U.N.E.F. United Nations Emergency Force responds– Defeated in Security Council (Why?)– Overridden in General Assembly (Can.

Min. of For. Affairs Lester B. Pearson)– Indian, Yugoslavian, and Canadian troops

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Monday, May 13, 13

Six Day War 1967

Great victory for Israel: pre-emptive strikes against Egypt, Syria and Jordan

Gain more territory: Jerusalem and West Bank; Sinai; Gaza; Golan Heights

Arabs via OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) discover power of oil.

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Yom Kippur 1973 Huge Arab force attacks Israel Israelis suffer loses. Counter offensive successful Soviets & US supply their allies Close to nuclear war (Cuban Missile

Crisis)

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Big Events in the Middle East:Iran

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Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh P.M. of Iran early 1950s.

Anglo-Iran Oil Comp. was nationalized.

British and Americans forced his resignation…coup?

Power goes to…

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Iranian Revolution

Muhammad Reza Pahlavi: The Shaw of Iran (1941-79)– White Revolution: modernize nation.– Used terror: SAVAK

Iran was important to US during much of Cold War.

Ayatollah Khomeini Islamic Republic Taking of US Embassy.

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This ended Carter’s administration.

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Iran/Iraq War, “War of the Cities”, “Gulf War (the First One)” 1980-88

Neither Super Power supported either side.

US feared that its supply of oil could be threatened, as well as friendly nations in the area, Kuwait, UAE, and Saudi Arabia.

Use of chemical weapons. Summer, 1988 USS Vincennes Incident. Lockerbie, Scotland American Airlines ‘88

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Salman Rushdie, The Satanic Verses 1989 Khomeini dies. His fatwa : ففتتووىى "I inform the proud Muslim people of the world that the author of the Satanic Verses book, which is against Islam, the Prophet and the Qur'an, and all those involved in its publication who are aware of its content are sentenced to death."

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Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

A left wing coup in 1979. Amin asked for Soviet aid to defend the

revolution. Amin murdered. Karmal takes over. Mujaheddin (=Vietcong) aided by US

and Pakistan. 1988 Soviets withdraw.

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Civil war and radical Islamic Fundamentalism dominate this country to this day.

Usama bin Laden now an enemy of the US.– Had ties to the bombing of US embassies

in east Africa.

Usama bin Laden

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Gulf War: Iraq

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The Gulf War

July 1990:– Baghdad accuses Kuwait of exceeding oil

quotas. August 1990:

– Iraq invades Kuwait. Security Council imposes embargo. No success. 15 January, 1991 Coalition forces

attack.Monday, May 13, 13

Hyper-war (extension of the blitzkrieg). Six weeks later the war was over. PP. 219-21.

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The Palestinians

Refugees from all the Arab-Israeli wars. Camps exist in Lebanon, Syria, Jordon,

as well as West Bank and Gaza. Intifada Self-government + territory (goal for

Palestinians). Hamas (Pal.) Hazballa (Leb.)

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Monday, May 13, 13