281-288-4879

Terms for Test 2

Josiah Strong- was an American Protestant clergyman, organizer, editor and author.

He was one of the founders of the Social Gospel movement that sought to apply

Protestant religious principles to solve the social ills brought on by industrialization,

urbanization and immigration.

Hawaiian Annexation- The Newlands Resolution, was a joint resolution written by

and named after United States Congressman Francis G. Newlands. It was an Act of

Congress to annex the Republic of Hawaii and create the Territory of Hawaii.

Samoa- a country encompassing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South

Pacific Ocean.

Alfred Thayer Mahan- was a United States Navy flag officer, geostrategist, and

historian, who has been called "the most important American strategist of the

nineteenth century."

Spanish American War- was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States.

It ultimately ended with the Americans defeating the Spaniards. Cuban independence.

Yellow journalism- or the yellow press is a type of journalism that presents little or

no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell

more newspapers. Exaggerations.

Philippine Annexation- phillipine and American war: was an armed conflict between

a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the United States which arose from the

struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following annexation

by the United States.

Emilio Aguinaldo- was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He

played an instrumental role during the Philippines' revolution against Spain, and the

subsequent Philippine-American War or War of Philippine Independence that resisted

American occupation.

Open Door Policy- a concept in foreign affairs, which usually refers to the policy

around 1900 allowing multiple Imperial powers access to China, with none of them in

control of that country. As a theory, the Open Door Policy originates with British

commercial practice, as was reflected in treaties concluded with Qing Dynasty China

after the First Opium War (1839-1842)

Platt Amendment- was a rider appended to the Army Appropriations Act presented to

the U.S. Senate by Connecticut Republican Senator Orville H. Platt (1827–1905)

replacing the earlier Teller Amendment. The amendment stipulated the conditions for

the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba after the Spanish-American

War, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of

Relations. The Amendment ensured U.S. involvement in Cuban affairs, both foreign

and domestic, and gave legal standing to U.S. claims to certain economic and military

territories on the island including Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.

McClure’s Magazine- popular magazine: muckraking expose monopoly.

Muckraker- reform oriented investigative journalism

Progressivism- political attitude favoring or advocating changes or reorm through

government action.

Model T- Ford Model T Automobile. First car in US.

Oligopoly- market dominated by small number of sellers.

Triangle Fire- deadliest industrial fire. Locked doors. Jump.

Niagra Movements- black civil rights organizations founded by 1905 led by W.E.B.

DuBois.

NAACP- National association of advancement s of colored people.

Angel Island- califorina immigration island: millions of immigrants.

Industrial worker of the World- International union

Ivy Lee- founder of modern public relation.

“Five Dollar Day”- labor management of social control in Ford motor company.

Turnover- revenue, how quickly inventory is sold.

Zoning- device of land use planning used by local governments in most developed

countries.

Ragtime- musical genre “ragged:” music

Vaudeville- theatrical genre performance.

Jazz- musical tradition- African American communities in 20th century.

Isadora Duncan- dancer creator of dance. Born in US. Live Western Soviet Union.

Social-justice movement- equality and solidarity understands and values human

rights, recognize and dignity of every human being.

Probition- no alcohol

John Dewey- philosopher of pragmatism

Pragmatism- practice and theory

Women’s suffrage- women rights to vote

Socialism- is an economic system in which the means of production are publicly or

commonly owned and controlled co-operatively, or a political philosophy advocating

such a system.

Interest groups- a group of individuals or organizations with interest in a shared area.

Robert La Follette- American Republican and then Progressive.

“Wisconsin Idea”- fosters public universities contributors to state.

Theodore Roosevelt- was the 26th President of the United States (1901–1909). He is

noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of

the Progressive Movement, and his "cowboy" image and robust masculinity.

“Bully Pulpit”- position of authority, holder opportunity to speak ou and be listed on

any matter.

Northern Securities Case- US Railroad Trust formed

Hepburn Act- gave Interstated Commerce Commision ICC power to set max railroad

rates.

The Jungle- muckraking journalist Upton Sinclair novel portray life as an emigrant in

US. Corruption of meatpacking industry. Health violations.

FDA- Food Drug Administration. US dept of health and human services, protecting

and promoting public health through regulation and food safety.

Independent regulatory commission- exercising autonomous authority over some area

of human activity in a regulatory or supervisory capacity.

Woodrow Wilson- leader of Progressives Movement

Ludlow Massacre- resulted in the violent deaths of 19 people[1] during an attack by

the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their

families at Ludlow, Colorado on April 20, 1914.

Underwood Tariff- re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the

Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%, well below

the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909.

Federal Reserve System- is the central banking system of the United States. It was

created in 1913 with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, largely in response to

a series of financial panics, particularly a severe panic in 1907.

Federal Trade Commission- independent agency of the United States government,

established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. Its principal mission is the

promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of what

regulators perceive to be harmfully anti-competitive business practices, such as

coercive monopoly.

Panama Canal- ship canal in Panama that joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific

Ocean and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. The United States, under

President Theodore Roosevelt, bought out the French equipment and excavations for

US$40 million and began work on May 4, 1904. The United States paid Colombia

$10 million in 1921 and (later $250,000 per annum) , seven years after completion of

the canal, for redress of President Roosevelt's role in the creation of Panama, and

Colombia recognized Panama under the terms of the Thomson-Urrutia Treaty.

Roosevelt Corollary- was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President

Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted a

right of the United States to intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small

states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their

international debts.

“Gentlemen’s Agreement”- was an informal agreement between the United States and

the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese

immigration, and Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S. The goal was

to reduce tensions between the two powerful Pacific nations.

Dollar Diplomacy- President William Howard Taft — to further its aims in Latin

America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans

made to foreign countries

Mexican Revolution- major armed struggle that started in 1910, with an uprising led

by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz. The Revolution was

characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarianist

movements. Over time the Revolution changed from a revolt against the established

order to a multi-sided civil war.

Triple Alliance- Triple Alliance was the military alliance between Germany, Austria–

Hungary, and Italy that lasted from 1882

Triple Entente- was the name given to the alliance among Great Britain, France and

Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.

Propoganda- a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a

community toward some cause or position so as to benefit oneself.

U-boats- military submarines operated by Germany, particularly in World War I and

World War II.

Lusitania- During the First World War, as Germany waged submarine warfare against

Britain, the ship was identified and torpedoed by the German U-boat U-20 on 7 May

1915 and sank in eighteen minutes.

Unrestricted Submarine warfare- a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink

merchantmen without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules (commonly

known as "cruiser rules").

John Pershing- general officer in the United States Army who led the American

Expeditionary Forces in World War I. Pershing is the only person to be promoted in

his own lifetime to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army—General of

the Armies

Convoys- group of vehicles, typically motor vehicles or ships, traveling together for

mutual support and protection.

Committee on Public Information (Creel Commision)- was an independent agency of

the government of the United States created to influence U.S. public opinion

regarding American participation in World War I.

Espionage Act- prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to

support U.S. enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or

to interfere with military recruitment.

Sedition Act- signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on May 16, 1918.[1] It

forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the

United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view

the American government or its institutions with contempt.

Eugene Debs- American union leader, one of the founding members of the

International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and

several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the

United States.

“100 Percent Americanism”- KKK. Things that make American, Americans

redefined.

Red Scare- The First Red Scare was about worker (socialist) revolution and political

radicalism. The Second Red Scare was focused on national and foreign communists

influencing society or infiltrating the federal government, or both.

Food Administration- responsible agency for the administration of the allies' food

reserves. One of its important tasks was the stabilization of the price of wheat on the

U. S. market.

14 Points- speech delivered by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint

session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The address was intended to assure the

country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace

in Europe

Treaty of Versailles- one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the

state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919,

exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other

Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate

treaties.

League of nations- intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris

Peace Conference that ended World War I, and it was the precursor to the United

Nations. The League was the first permanent international security organization

whose principal mission was to maintain world peace

Communism- sociopolitical movement that aims for a classless and stateless society

structured upon common ownership of the means of production, free access to articles

of consumption, and the end of wage labour and private property in the means of

production and real estate

“Welfare capitalism”- combination of a capitalist economic system with a welfare

state or, in the American context, to the practice of businesses providing welfare-like

services to employees.

“American Plan”- US employers describe their policy of refusing to negotiate with

unions.

Ernest Hemingway- American author and journalist. His distinctive writing style,

characterized by economy and understatement, influenced 20th-century fiction, as did

his life of adventure and public image. He produced most of his work between the

mid-1920s and the mid-1950s.

F. Scott Fitzgerald- was an American author of novels and short stories, whose works

are the paradigm writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself.

John Dos Passos- novelist: U.S. Army Medical Corps at Camp Crane in

Pennsylvania. At war's end, he was stationed in Paris, where the U.S. Army Overseas

Education Commission allowed him to study anthropology at the Sorbonne. A

character in U.S.A. Trilogy goes through virtually the same military career and stays

in Paris after the war.

Sacco- Vanzetti trial- unfair trial: convicted of murdering two men during a 1920

armed robbery

National Origins Quota Act- United States federal law that limited the annual number

of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of

people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, down

from the 3% cap set by the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921

Ku Klux Klan- advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy,

white nationalism, and anti-immigration. Terrorism

Fundamentalism- strict adherence to specific theological doctrines typically in

reaction against the theology of Modernism.

Scopes Trial- landmark American legal case in 1925 in which high school biology

teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act which made it

unlawful to teach evolution

Prohibition- no drinking.

Warren Harding- 29th President of the United States (1921–23). A Republican from

Ohio, Harding was an influential self-made newspaper publisher.

“Return to Normalcy”- return to the way of life before World War I (Harding)

Calvin Coolidge- 30th President of the United States (1923–1929). A Republican

lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state

politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. Restored public confidence in

the White House after the scandals of his predecessor's administration, and left office

with considerable popularity.

Herbert Hoover- 31st President of the United States. won the Republican nomination.

Failure to end the downward economic spiral.

Volunteerism- practice of people working on behalf of others or a particular cause

without payment for their time and services.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation- independent agency of the United States

government, established and chartered by the US Congress in 1932.

Franklin Roosevelt- FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945)

and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United

States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. New Deal—a

variety of programs designed to produce relief

New Deal- was a series of economic programs implemented in the United States

between 1933 and 1936. They were passed by the U.S. Congress during the first term

of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Relief, recover, and reform.

Tennessee Valley Authority- federally owned corporation in the United States created

by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity

generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee

Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression

National Recovery Administration- primary New Deal agency established by U.S.

president Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in 1933. The goal was to eliminate "cut-throat

competition" by bringing industry, labor and government together to create codes of

"fair practices" and set prices

Charles Coughlin- ontroversial Roman Catholic priest at Royal Oak, Michigan's

National Shrine of the Little Flower Church. He was one of the first political leaders

to use radio to reach a mass audience, as more than thirty million tuned to his weekly

broadcasts during the 1930s.

Huey Long- 40th Governor of Louisiana from 1928–1932 and as a U.S. Senator from

1932 to 1935. A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies. Share our

wealth.

Francis Townsend- American physician who was best known for his revolving old-

age pension proposal during the Great Depression

Social Security Act- social insurance program that is funded through dedicated

payroll taxes called Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA)

Wagner Act- national labor relation act: limits the means with which employers may

react to workers in the private sector who create labor unions, engage in collective

bargaining, and take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of

their demands.

Congress of Industrial Organizations- proposed by John L. Lewis in 1932, was a

federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States

and Canada from 1935 to 1955.

Dust Bowl- period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural

damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936. Severe drought.

Indian Reorganization Act- restored to Native Americans the management of their

assets (being mainly land) and included provisions intended to create a sound

economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations. Adopt constitution.

“Court- packing”- proposed by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt to add more

justices to the U.S. Supreme Court. Roosevelt's purpose was to obtain favorable

rulings regarding New Deal legislation that had been previously ruled

unconstitutional.

1) What was Progressivism? Why did the Progressive reform movement take place? Who

became Progressives? Why did these people become Progressives? How did Progressives

try to change society

Progressivism is the attempt to expand the government to deal with social problems.

The reason progressivism took place was because the middle class believed it was the

duty to solve the problems in society such as crime, poverty, and inequality. The

country had many problems which are also happening today. These problems happen

no matter where anybody lives. They believe that Christians are supposed to help the

poor and the democracy of the idea where all men are created equal are based on the

Social Gospel. Pollution was also a problem, because there were many filthy

environments in the society in this era including ethnic enclaves. Progressivism took

place because of the optimism that Americans have with the mindset of “nothing is

impossible”. Doctors were the leading progressives at the time. Doctors became the

leading progressives because at the time doctors were not certified and not very

effective at helping people. The doctor progressives tried to change society by

regulating doctors and drugs. In order to do this they use statics, government, and

most importantly the media. Other Progressives tried to change society by using the

method of bureaucracy to make things more efficient with the data collection of

experts and the communication between bosses and experts made things more

effective and are able to find a solution. Money was also an important contribution in

trying to change the society by the government trying to pass laws locally, by state,

and at the national level. Donations by non-profit organizations also helped try to

change society. The media with money backing it up provided public information and

pressured government politicians to do something about the social problems in

society.

2) What was the New Imperialism? Why did the nations of Europe and America seek

colonies between 1880 and 1914? What geographic areas did the United States try to

influence? What were America’s goals in these areas? Know examples of American

imperialism (Cuba, Panama, the Philippines, etc.). What limited American imperial

power?

The New Imperialism was the United States imposing it will on another nation. The

reasons why the industrial countries like Europe and America seek colonies were

because of prosperity, prestige, and civilization. The examples of prosperity, prestige,

and civilization were being resources, bases, and religion respectfully The United

States wanted the influence in the west and south which were China and Latin

America. In China the United States wanted more market for them to sell and

resources they could not get like tea. When expanding the influence in the west

America would capture island between China and them in order to build coal base.

The Philippines is a example how America need a coal base and market closer to

China. In Latin America they wanted bases and oil. The wanted bases in Latin

America for national security. An example on national security is when they help

Panama become independent and built the Panama Canal for navel ship to reinforce

each other. There was limitation on American imperialism which were war, imperial

overstretch, and resistance.

3) Why did the United States get involved in World War 1? Why did America choose to

fight on the side of Great Britain, France, and Russia? How did the Russian Revolution

during the war alter international relations? What did Russia offer the word after the war?

What did America offer the world? Why did the Versailles Treaty fail? How did America

engage the world after the defect of the Versailles Treaty?

The United States got involved in World War I because Germany had violated

international laws when German U-subs sunk American ships. Also the England and

France own debts to American big business and if they lost no one will pay them

back. United States had very relation England political an example would be the war

of 1812 where England accepted the United States agreement to pay them back.

Russia during the war was beaten badly by the Germany armies which force the

Russian people to revolt causing the Russian Revolution. This revolution causes

Russia to withdraw from the war effect to deal with domestic problems. After the war

Russia offered the world the ideology of communism with origins of Marxism which

was against the ideology of America. Communism was also damaging because it

apply to the current state of Europe after the war. America offer Woodrow Wilson

and his 14 points. The 14 points were made to stop world wars, depressions, and

imperialism by introducing collective security, free trade, and self-determination.

4) What factors contributed to onset of the Great Depression?

The factors that contributed to the onset of the Great Depression was the debts of

European countries, debts from farmers, credit from the factory workers, and

speculation. After World War I Europe in a state of debt where both England and

France own a large amount to the banks. When both countries begin to exhaust the

money supply they turn to Germany to pay them back. This cause Germany to ask for

a loan from American Banks which result in a cycle where Germany will pay back

both England and France who will then pay the United States back who will then loan

money to Germany. In rural America, the prices decreased and the debt start

increasing. The environment in the Americas was exposed to erosion and dry farming

which resulted in the Dust Bowl. This is also due to the cost of deforestation and with

the topsoil being eroded away. The shift of consumer economy was caused by the

shift of consumers and production. This resulted to credit and loans were given out,

while debts were also increasing. In the 1920s the economy shift to a consumer one

where a lot of products were being produce and need to be consume. In order for

producer to sell the ideas to the factory worker then invented credit. Credit was the

system where a buyer would pay a down payment ever month or so depending on the

terms until payment was complete. This was a time bomb because if the factory

worker could not pay the down payment then they would lose both the item and

anything they have a value. Since factory worker borrow from banks did they could

also not pay back the banks. Speculations were due to bad investments, fraud, and

leverage. Many people used other people’s success as an example to become rich like

them. This created many opportunities to fraud since there were many greedy people.

An example of a fraud was the Ponsche’s scheme which is also known as a pyramid

scam nowadays. People trusted people with the same ethnic backgrounds. Another

factor that’s contributed to onset of Great Depression was leverage which was buying

investments with debt. Interest accumulates really fast and people stayed in the

bubble which means that they tried jumping on the bandwagon.

5) Why was the power of the Federal Government enlarged in order to fight the Depression?

How did Hoover strengthen the government? How did Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

differ from Hoover? How did Roosevelt strengthen the government? What were the

strengths of FDR’s program? The limitations?

The reason why power of the Federal Government was enlarge to fight the

Depression was because of the equation GDP = C + I + G + X. In the equation C the

consumer, I the investor, G the government spending, and X export were decreasing

which result in the GNP the economy of the nation to go down. By increasing the

Federal Government power it regulate each 4 components from going down. During

Hoover administration he listened to the secretary of treasury Andrew Mellon about

nothing doing anything at first. This result made the economy even worse then

before. He later made the Business Confidence to reinsure investor that banks were

safe by putting money in them. FDR differ from Hoover from being well like by the

people and improving the economy during the Depression. FDR strengthen the

government by creating government jobs and relief. The jobs and relief were provide

to the poor a jobless in order to help the consumer. He also made government reform

society by creating minimal wages and sell of electricity. The government creates

damns which provide jobs, home, and product. The strength of FDR’s programs were

they aim at both consumer and investor. The problems was if he put to much for

consumer it will discourage investor and vice versa