the hegemony of the local in taiwan's indigenous language policy

台灣原住民語言政策的在地霸權

第七屆臺灣語言及其教學國際學術研討會9月 6-7日 2008年台北，台灣

p. kerim friedman 傅可恩kerim.oxus.net

ci.ndhu.edu.tw

savageminds.org

fournineandahalf.com

3 ways to see language rights

(according to joseph errington)

place

ecology

human rights

place

• traditional knowledge

• lexicon

• villagers (not migrants)

ecology

• diversity

• grammar

• sum of human knowledge (vs. local needs)

human rights

• individual

• choice

• collectivities (indigenous communities vs. migrant groups)

台灣

multiculturalism

place-based multiculturalism

imported from japan in the 1990s

why?

chinese nationalism

taiwan ≠ china

taiwan ≠ china !?

new social movements

李登輝

passive revolution

本土化

“start learning from the immediate environment, then extend the scope step

by step to local culture and the main ethnic groups of society, extending it then

to the knowledge of the culture of all ethnic groups that compose the territory

and the nation. only then can one understand the world’s culture.”

Kuo Wei-fan 郭為藩, 1996

compromise

consequences

state ➔ local

linguistic hierarchy

division vs. unity

state ➔ local

• 1994 認識台灣 textbooks (too hard!)

• 2001 九年一貫 decentralization (more work for teachers!)

• emphasis on “special characteristics” 特性 of local communities (requires $$$)

linguistic markets

linguistic hierarchy

• english

• (japanese & european languages)

• chinese

• taiwanese

• hakka

• indigenous languages

division vs. unity

• aboriginal language certification 原住民語言能力認證 in 42 languages

• difficulty producing teaching materials and training teachers

• political division

conclusion

aotearoa/new zealand

waitangi tribunal 1984

taha maori

• move away from “ethnic additive” approach

• 767 pre-schools with 14,000 students in 1996

• now includes higher education as well

autonomy

• linguistic homogenous

• same population but larger percentage of the whole (15% vs. 2%)

• “negotiated power sharing” vs. decentralization

謝謝!slideshare.com/kerim

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