Charts from CBO's August 2012 Budget and Economic Outlook

If current laws governing taxes and spending remain in e�ect (CBO’s baseline projection), debt held by the public will fall from

73 percent of GDP in fiscal year 2012 to 58 percent of GDP in 2022. If policymakers altered those laws to maintain many policies that

have been in e�ect in recent years (CBO’s alternative fiscal scenario), debt would climb to 90 percent of GDP by 2022. In either case,

debt would be relatively high by historical standards.

Federal Debt Held by the Public, Historically and As Projected in CBO’s Baseline and Under an Alternative Fiscal Scenario(Percentage of GDP)

C ONGRESSIONAL B UDGET O FFICE

August 2012http://go.usa.gov/7QY

Alternative Fiscal Scenario

CBO’s BaselineProjection

ProjectedActual140

120

100

80

60

40

20

01940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

An Update to theBudget and Economic Outlook:

Fiscal Years 2012 to 2022August 2012

The Budget Outlook

Congressional Budget O�ice

Deficits under CBO’s current-law baseline projection average about 1 percent of GDP over the 2013–2022 period. By comparison, under

an alternative scenario, in which some changes specified in current law would not occur and many tax and spending policies that have

been in e�ect in recent years would continue instead, deficits over that period would average about 5 percent of GDP.

Deficits Projected in CBO’s Baseline and Under an Alternative Fiscal Scenario(Percentage of GDP)


8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

02012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Additional Debt Service

Prevent Spending Cuts

Extend Tax Policies

Baseline


The caps on discretionary spending—either with the required automatic reductions (as in CBO’s baseline) or without them (as in the

alternative fiscal scenario)—will necessitate a reduction in the real resources available for many government programs, compared with

the funding provided for 2012. If, instead, funding was allowed to grow at the rate of inflation, it would be 17 percent higher in 2022

than the amounts projected in the baseline.C ONGRESSIONAL B UDGET O FFICE

Total Discretionary Budget Authority Excluding War Funding, Disaster Relief, and Program Integrity Initiatives (Percentage of GDP)

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Historical Funding and CBO’s Baseline

Funding for 2012 Adjusted for In�ation

Excluding EnforcementProcedures

ProjectedActual


Congressional Budget O�ice

An Update to theBudget and Economic Outlook:

Fiscal Years 2012 to 2022August 2012

The Economic Outlook

With modest de�cits anticipated for much of the 10-year projection period of CBO’s current-law baseline, debt held by the public

recedes as a percentage of GDP. However, if some of the changes speci�ed in current law did not occur and certain current policies

were continued instead, debt held by the public would rise to 94 percent of GDP by the end of 2022, the highest �gure since just

after World War II.

Federal Debt Held by the Public, Historically and As Projected in CBO’s Baseline and Under an Alternative Fiscal Scenario (Percentage of GDP)


January 2012

http://go.usa.gov/nPi

The economy has continued to expand modestly this year. Real (in�ation-adjusted) GDP rose at an average annual rate of 1.7 percent in

the first half of the year, somewhat slower than in 2011 and less than its average rate during the previous expansion. CBO anticipates

that the pace of economic expansion will increase slightly during the rest of 2012.

Real Gross Domestic Product(Percentage change, fourth quarter to fourth quarter)


4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

-3

-4

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

2.9

0.4

1.9

3.9

2.9 2.82.4 2.2 2.4

-0.1

-3.3

2.0

First Half1.7

Recession Recession


Business investment has grown rapidly over the past year. Real (in�ation-adjusted) business fixed investment—in structures,

equipment, and software—grew by 10.2 percent over the year that ended in the second quarter of 2012. Despite that growth, the total

amount of net investment (fixed investment minus depreciation) as a fraction of GDP remains unusually low.

Real Business Fixed Investment(Percentage change from same quarter of previous year)


20

10

0

-10

-20

-302000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

-9.5

-20.1

12.5

10.211.0


A recovery in the housing market appears to be under way. Real (in�ation-adjusted) residential investment—spending on home

construction and improvements, mobile homes, and brokers’ commissions—was almost 11 percent higher in the second quarter of 2012

than in the same quarter last year. House prices seem to have reached their bottom and have been rising in 2012.

Housing Market Indicators(Percentage change from same quarter of previous year)


20

10

0

-10

-20

-302000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

House Prices

Real Residential Investment

10.7

2.2


Economic growth among the nation’s leading trading partners, which peaked in mid-2010, has continued to slow, while the U.S.

economy has continued to grow at a modest pace since mid-2011. That di�erent pattern of growth is a primary factor behind CBO's

forecast of weaker net exports in the second half of 2012. (Actual data include the July 2012 revisions to the national income and

product accounts; projected data do not.)

Economic Growth in the United States and Among Its Leading Trading Partners(Percentage change from same quarter of previous year)


6

4

2

0

-2

-4

-6

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Leading Trading Partners

United States

ProjectedActual


The share of unemployment accounted for by the long-term unemployed—people who have been seeking work for more than

26 consecutive weeks—has topped 40 percent for the past two and a half years. By comparison, that share was about

22 percent in 2003, in the aftermath of the 2001 recession.

Long-Term Unemployment(Percent)


50

40

30

20

10

02000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

First Half

11.4 11.8

18.4

22.1 21.819.6

17.619.7

31.5

43.3 43.842.2

17.6

Recession Recession


In�ationary pressures remain subdued: The average rate of in�ation in consumer prices during the year ending in the

second quarter of 2012 was less than 2 percent.

Inflation(Percentage change in prices from same quarter of previous year)


Overall

Core

5

4

3

2

1

0

-12000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012


Because of the sharp deficit reduction that will occur under current law, CBO projects that the unemployment rate will rise to about 9 percent in

the fourth quarter of 2013. Under an alternative scenario, in which some changes specified in current law would not occur and many tax and

spending policies that have been in e�ect in recent years would continue instead, unemployment would remain near 8 percent in 2013.

Unemployment Rate(Percent)


12

10

8

6

4

2

0

3.92000, 4Q

5.82003, 4Q

4.42006, 4Q

9.12013, 4Q

8.0 2013, 4Q

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Alternative Fiscal Scenario

ProjectedActual

8.22012, 2Q

9.92009, 4Q

CBO’s Baseline

Projection


CBO expects that real (in�ation-adjusted) GDP will stay below the economy’s potential—a level that corresponds to a high rate of use

of labor and capital—until 2018. Potential GDP is projected to grow at an average annual rate of 2.4 percent between 2018 and 2022

and by an average of 2.2 percent for the 2012–2022 projection period. (Actual data include the July 2012 revisions to the national

income and product accounts; projected data do not.)

GDP and Potential GDP( Trill ions of 2005 dollars)


2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

ProjectedActual

Potential GDP

GDP

20

18

16

14

12

10

0


Since the end of the recession, labor income has fallen as a share of gross domestic income—the sum of all income earned in the

production of GDP—reinforcing its downward trend since 1980. In CBO’s projections, labor income grows faster over the next decade,

bringing its share to about 61 percent by 2022, just below the historical average since 1980. (Actual data include the July 2012 revisions

to the national income and product accounts; projected data do not.)

Labor Income(Percentage of gross domestic income)


Average, 1980 to 2011 (61.9%)

65

64

63

62

61

60

59

01980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

ProjectedActual


News & Politics

Charts from CBO's August 2012 Budget and Economic Outlook