Chapter 21 study guide

Lucero Castaneda AP US History Ms.Lampley

Chapter 21An Emerging World Power, 1877-1918

I. From Expansion to ImperialismA. Foundations of EmpireB. The War of 1898C. The Spoils of war

II. A Power among PowerA. The Open Door in AsiaB. The United States in the CaribbeanC. Wilson and Mexico

III. The United States in World War IA. The Great War Begins, 1914-1917B. From Neutrality to War

1. The Struggle to Remain Neutral2. American Enters the War

C. “Over There”1. The American Fighting Force

D. War on the Home Front1. Mobilizing the Economy2. Promoting National Unity3. Great Migrations

E. Women’s Voting Rights

IV. The Treaty of VersaillesA. The Fate of Wilson’s IdeasB. Congress Rejects the Treaty

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I. From Expansion to ImperialismIndustrialization and a modern navy gave the Unites States power; the economic crisis of the 1890s provided a spur.

A. Foundations of Empirea) William Seaward was the secretary of state under President Abraham Lincoln and

Andrew Johnson. He emphasized access to global markets as the key to power. Seaward’s ideas had won only limited support in the wake of the Civil War, but the severe economic depression in 1893 brought Republicans into power and Seaward’s ideas back into vogue.

b) American Exceptionalism : the theory that the United States is "qualitatively different" from other nations. In this view, U.S. exceptionalism stems from its emergence from a revolution, developing a uniquely American ideology, "Americanism", based on liberty, egalitarianism, individualism, republicanism, populism and laissez-faire

c) Fear of ruthless competition drove the United States to invest in the latest weapons and technology.

d) Richard Olney, without consulting the nation of Venezuela, suddenly demanded in July 1895 that Britain resolve a long-standing border dispute between Venezuela and Britain’s neighboring colony, British Guiana.

B. The War of 1898a) In February 1895, Cuban patriots mounted a major guerrilla war against Spain,

which had lost most of the New World territories but had managed to hold on to the island of Cuba.

b) In the United States, William Randolph Hearst turned Spanish plight into a cause of célèbre. Hearst’s campaign fed a surge of nationalism, especially among those who feared that American men were losing strength and courage amid the conditions of industrial society.

c) The war was disrupting trade and damaging Americans-owned sugar plantations on the Cuban island.

d) President William McKinley took office in 1897.e) In September, the U.S. minister in Madrid informed Spain that it must ensure an

“early and certain peace” or the United States would step in. Spain’s conservative regime fell, and liberal government, taking office in October 11897, offered Cuba limited self-rule.

f) The U.S. battle cruiser Maine had exploded and sunk in Havana harbor. McKinley assumed that the sinking of the Maine had been accidental, but a U.S. naval board of inquiry blamed a mine, fuelling public outrage.

g) On March 27, McKinley cabled an ultimatum to Madrid: an immediate ceasefire in Cuba for six months and, with the United States as mediator, peace negotiations with the rebels.

h) On April 11, McKinley asked Congress for authority to intervene in Cuba.i) On April 1898, Spain declared was on the United States. The US navy was in

better shape: Spain had nothing to match American’s seven battleships and armored cruisers.

j) The first, decisive military engagement took place in the Pacific. Theodore Roosevelt had gotten intrepid Commodore George Dewey appointed commander of the Pacific fleet. On May 1, 1898, American ships cornered the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay and destroyed it. Manila, the Philippine capital, fell in August 13.

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Lucero Castaneda AP US History Ms.Lampleyk) Dewey’s victory instantly directed policymakers’’ attention to the Hawaiian

Islands. An 1887 treaty between the United States and the island’s monarch gave Hawaiian sugar tariff-free access to the American market, with Hawaii pledging to sign no such agreement with any other powers. In 187, Hawaii also granted a long-coveted lease for a U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor.

l) Dewey’s victory delivered what the planers wanted” Hawaii acquired strategic value as a halfway station to the Philippines. In July 1898, Congress authorized the annexation of Hawaii.

m) The main battle occurred on July 1 at San Juan Hill, near Santiago, where the Spanish fleet was anchored. Roosevelt Rough Riders took the lead, but four African American regiments bore the brunt of the fighting. On July 3, the Spanish fleet in Santiago harbor tried a desperate run through the American blockade and was destroyed. Day later, Spanish forces surrendered.

C. The Spoils of wara) The United States and Spain quickly signed a preliminary peace agreement in

which Spain agreed to liberate Cuba and cede Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States.

b) Leading citizens and peace advocates, including Jane Addams and Mark Twain, enlisted in the Anti-Imperialist cause. Andrew Carnegie offered $20million to purchase Philippine independence

c) On February 4, 1899-two days before the Senate ratified the treaty- fighting broke out between American and Filipino patrols on the edge of Manila. Emilio Aguinaldo asserted his nation’s independence and turned his guns on occupying Americans forces. The U.S. Army resorted to the same tactics Spain had employed in Cuba: burning crops and villages and rounding up civilians.

d) The fighting ended in 1902, and William Howard Taft, appointed as governor-general of the Philippines, sought to make the territory a model of road building and sanitary engineering.

e) The treaty, while guaranteeing freedom of religious to inhabitants of ceded Spanish territories, withheld any promise of citizenship.

f) Puerto Rico, Guan, and the Philippines were thus marked as colonies, not future states.

g) The Jones Act of 1916 : a formal stance by the United States government to remove all control over the Philippines once it was able to establish its own government.

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II. A Power among Power

A. The Open Door in Asiaa) In the late 1890s, following Japan’s victory in the Sino-Japanese war on 1894-

1895, Japan, Russia, Germany, France, and Britain divided coastal China into spheres of influence.

b) When a secret society of Chinese nationalists, known outside China as Boxers, rebelled against foreign occupation in 1900, the United States send 5,000 troops to join a multinational campaign to break the Boxer’s siege of European government offices in Beijing.

c) Europe and the United States were startled by Japan emerging as East Asia’s dominant power.

d) In 1908, the United States and Japan signed the Root-Takahira Agreement, confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan’s authority over Manchuria.

e) William Howard Taft entered the White House in 1909 convinced that the United States had been short changed in Asia.

f) When the Chinese Revolution of 1911 toppled the Manchu dynasty, Taft supported the victorious Nationalists, who wanted to modernize the country and liberate it from Japanese domination.

g) The United States had entangled itself in Chine and entered a long-term rivalry with Japan for power in the Pacific, a competition that would culminate thirty years later in World War II.

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B. The United States in the Caribbeana) In 1900, the United States consulted with Britain on building a canal across Central

America. Britain -facing a rising military challenge from Germany, and entangled in a bloody war against Afrikaners in South Africa- welcomed a closer alliance with the United States and proved willing to give up some of its Latin America claims.

b) In the Hay Pauncefote Treaty (1901), Britain recognized the United States’ sole right to build and fortify a Central American canal.

c) Freed by Britain’s surrender of Canal rights, Roosevelt persuaded Congress to authorize $10 million, plus future payments of $250,000 per year, to purchase from Colombia six0mile strip of land across Panama, a Colombian province. Furious when Colombia rejected this proposal, Roosevelt contemplated outright seizure of Panama.

d) On November 6, 1903, the United States recognized the new nation of Panama; two weeks later, it obtained a perpetually renewable lease of a canal zone.

e) To build the canal, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers hired thousands of laborers, who cleared vast swamps, excavated 240 million cubic yards of Earth, and constructed a series of immense locks. Opened in 1914, the Panama Canal gave the United States a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.

f) Cuba also granted the United States a leaser of Guantanamo Bay (still in effect), where the U.S. Navy built a large base.

g) The Roosevelt Corollary: a unilateral declaration sectioned only by America’s military and economic rights to intervene.

C. Wilson and Mexicoa) Since the 1870s, Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz had created a friendly climate for

American investors who purchased Mexican railroads, plantations, mines, and much-coveted oil fields. However, by the early 1900s, Diaz feared the extraordinary power of these economic interests and began to nationalize key resources.

b) Over the strong protest of Venustiano Carranza, the United States threw its own forces into the emerging Mexican Revolution. On the cause of a minor insult to the U.S. Navy, Wilson ordered U.S. occupation of the port of Veracruz on April 21, 1914.

c) In 1916, General Pancho Villa stirred up trouble on the U.S.-Mexico border, killing sixteen American civilians and raiding the town of Columbus, New Mexico.

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III. The United States in World War IEurope had no obvious stake in European development. In 1905, when Germany suddenly challenged French control of Morocco, Theodore Roosevelt arranged an international conference to defuse the crisis. Germany got a few concessions, but France retained control of Morocco.

A. The Great War Begins, 1914-1917a) The parks that ignited World War I came in the Balkans, where Austria-Hungary

and Russia competed for control.

b) In June 1914, in the city of Sarajevo, Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination and declared war on July 28.

c) The Allies –Great Britain, France, and Russia- confronted the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, joined in November by the Ottoman Empire.

d) Four bloody years, millions of soldiers fought a War OF Attrition in heavily fortified trenches that cut across a narrow swath of Belgium and Northeastern France.

e) From 1914 to 1918, the Western Front barely moved.

B. From Neutrality to WarPresident Woodrow Wilson called on Americans to be “neutral in fact as well as in name, impartial in thought as well as in action”. Two giants of American industry, Andrew Carnegie and Henry Ford, opposed the war. In December 1915, Ford sent a hundred men and women to Europe on a “peace ship” to urge an end to the conflict.

1. The Struggle to Remain Neutrala) In September 1914, the British imposed a naval blockade on the Central Powers to

cut off vital supplies of food and military equipment. The Wilson administration protested this infringement of the rights of neutral carries but did not take action.

b) If Germany won and Britain and France defaulted on their debts, American companies would suffer catastrophic losses.

c) To challenge the British navy, Germany launched a devastating new weapon, the U-Boat (Submarine).

d) President Wilson sent strongly worded protests to Germany, but tensions had subsided by September, when Germany announced that U-Boats would no longer attack passenger vessels without warning.

2. American Enters the Wara) On February 1, 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine welfare, a decision

dictated by the impasse in the Western Front.

b) Arthur Zimmermann sent a note to the minister in Mexico City asking to join the Central Power. He promised that if the United States entered the war, Germany would help Mexico recover “the lost territory of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona”.

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Lucero Castaneda AP US History Ms.Lampleyc) German U-Boats attacked American ships without warning, sinking three on

March 18 alone.

d) On April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war. On April 6, the United States declared war on Germany.

C. “Over There”In 1917, the U.S Army numbered fewer than 2000,000 soldiers. To field a fighting force, Congress instituted a military draft in May 1917. On a single day (June 5, 1917) more than 9.5 million men registered at their local voting precincts for possible military service. President Wilson chose General Pershing to head the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), which had to be trained, outfitter, and carried across the submarine infested Atlantic.

1. The American Fighting Forcea) By the end of World War I, almost 4 million American men and thousands of

women wore US uniforms.

b) More than 400, 000 African American men enlisted, accounting for 13% of the armed forces. Their wartime experiences were often grim. Racial discrimination disrupted military efficiency and erupted in violence at several camps.

c) Unlike African Americans, Native Americans served in integrated combat units.

D. War on the Home FrontMost Progressives hoped that Wilson’s ideals, along with wartime demands for national unity, would renew Americans’ attention to reform.

1. Mobilizing the Economya) The War Industries Board (WIB), established in July 1917, directed military

production.

b) The Wilson administration reorganized the board and placed Bernard Baruch at its head. Under his direction, the WIB allocated scarce resources among industries, ordered factories to convert to war production, set prices, and standardized procedures.

c) In December 1917, the Railroad Administration seized control of the nation’s chaotic hodgepodge of private railroads, seeking to facilitate rapid movement of troops and equipment.

2. Promoting National Unitya) In April 1917, Wilson formed the Committee of Public Information (CPI), a

government propaganda agency headed by journalist George Creel the CPI touched the lived of practically every civilian. The CPI urged recent immigrants and long-established ethnic groups to become “One Hundred Percent Americans”.

b) A quasi-vigilante group, the American Protective League, mobilized about 250,000 self-appointed “agents”, furnished them with badges issued by the Justice Department, and trained them to spy on neighbor and coworkers.

c) During the war, Congress passed two acts to curb dissent and was mostly supported by the Federal courts:

The Espionage Act 1917 imposed stiff penalties for antiwar activities The Sedition Act of 1918 prohibited any words or behavior that might

“incite, provoke, or encourage resistance to the United States, or promote the cause of its enemies”.

d) The Justice Department prosecuted members s of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), whose opposition to militarism threatened to disrupt war production of lumber and copper.

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Lucero Castaneda AP US History Ms.Lampleye) In Schenk V. United States (1919), the Supreme Court upheld the conviction of a

socialist who was jailed for circulating pamphlets that urged army draftees to resist induction.

f) The justice followed this with a similar decision in Abrams V. United States (1919), stating that authorities could prosecute speech that they believed to pose ”a clear and present danger to the safety of the country”

3. Great Migrationsa) World War I created new economic opportunities at homes. For the first time, with

so many men in uniforms, jobs in heavy industry opened to African Americans.

b) Great Migration: Or the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West from 1916 to 1970 had a huge impact on urban life in the United States. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationist laws, many blacks headed North, where they took advantage of the need for industrial workers that first arose during World War I.

c) Wartime labor shortages also prompted Mexican Americans in California, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona to leave from labor for industrial jobs in rapidly growing southwestern cities. Between 1917 and 1920, at least 1000,000 Mexicans entered the United States, and despite the discrimination, large numbers stayed.

E. Women’s Voting Rights a) When the United States entered the war, the National American Woman Suffrage

Association (NAWSA) threw the support of its 2 million members behind Wilson.

b) Carrie Chapman Catt: She worked in the school system and for newspapers before joining suffrage movement in 1887. She took over the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1900 and came up with the “Winning Plan” that helped pass the 19th Amendment in 1920.

c) Alice Paul: grew up Quaker and attended Swarthmore College before living in England and pushing for women's voting rights. When she returned to America in 1910, she became a leader in the suffragist movement, eventually forming the National Woman's Party (NWP) in 1916with Lucy Burns and becoming a key figure in the voices that led to the passage of the 19th Amendment.

d) In January 1918, Wilson urged support for woman suffrage as a “wartime measure.e) Seventy-two years after the Women’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls,

American women finally had full voting rights.

f) Full women suffrage: Before 1914: New Zealand, Australia, Finland, and Norway After WWI: Soviet Union (1917); Great Britain &Canada (1918);

Germany, Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, & US (1920) After WWII: France & Italy 1971: Switzerland

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IV. The Treaty of VersaillesWilson scored a diplomatic victory at the Paris Peace Conference, held at Versailles in January 1919, when the Allies chose to base the negotiation of his Fourteen Points (a Blue) print for peace that he had first presented a year earlier in a speech to the U.S. Congress. Essential to Wilson’s vision was the founding of an International regulatory body (League of Nations) that would guarantee “independence and territorial integrity to great and small States alike”

A. The Fate of Wilson’s Ideas a) Through the conference at Versailles included ten thousand representatives from

around the globe, leaders of France, Britain, and the United States dominated the proceeding.

b) European Allies leaders imposed hard punishments on Germany France & Britain

- secretly agreed to divide Germany’s African colonies and take them as spoils of war

- Pay $35 billion in reparations and give up cola supplies, merchant ships, valuable patents, and even part of its territory among the French border.

c) The string of nations, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean, was intended as a buffer to protect Western Europe from the Communists Soviet Union; the plan was also embodied Wilson’s principle of self-determination for European states.

d) With most of the negatives results, the Versailles treaty is judged as history’s greatest catastrophe.

e) Wilson hoped the League of Nations, authorized by the treaty, would moderate the terms of the settlement and secure a peaceful resolution of other disputes. Since the participation of Americans in the League was crucial, Wilson persuaded the Senate to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.

B. Congress Rejects the Treatya) To m mobilize the support of the treaty, Wilson embarked on an exhausting

speaking tour. However, in Pueblo, Colorado, in September 1919, Wilson

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Lucero Castaneda AP US History Ms.Lampleycollapsed. But Wilson still urged Democratic Senators to reject all Republican amendments.

b) When the treaty came up for a vote in November 1919, it failed to win the required two-thirds majority; a second attempt, in March 1920, for seven votes short. The United States never ratifies the Versailles treaty or joined the League of Nations.

c) By 1918, the United States was no longer just a regional power, but a major participant in world affairs.

d) The United States entangled itself in imperial politics and had too much economic control and diplomatic clout.

e) In the long term, World War I set the conditions for the United States to become the dominant 20th century power.

f) Rather than embracing government activism, Americans of the 1920s proved eager to relinquish it. The war introduces a decade of political nativism, racism, and anticommunism.

1. American Exceptionalism: the United States is "qualitatively different" from other countries.

2. The Jones Act of 1916: the United States government to remove all control over the Philippines once it was able to establish its own government. The US had gained control of the country through a victory over Spain in the Spanish-American War of 1898. They had little interest in the country and sought to return control to those already living in the country itself.

3. Hay Pauncefote Treaty (1901): a treaty signed by the United States and the United Kingdom on 18 November 1901, as a preliminary to the creation of the Panama Canal. Gave the United States the right to create and control a canal across the Central American isthmus to connect the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.

4. Roosevelt Corollary: a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine that was articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union Address in 1904. The corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers

5. Espionage Act of 1917: a United States federal law passed on June 15, 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I. intended to prohibit interference with military operations or recruitment, to prevent insubordination in the military, and to prevent the support of U.S. enemies during wartime.

6. Sedition Act of 1918: an Act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered with the sale of government bonds. It forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt.

7. Great Migration (African American): the movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that lasted up until the 1960s.

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Lucero Castaneda AP US History Ms.Lampley8. Woodrow Wilson: the 28th President of the United States, in office from 1913 to 1921

and a leader of the Progressive Movement.9. Scheck v. United States: a United States Supreme Court decision concerning

enforcement of the Espionage Act of 1917 during World War I. the Supreme Court invented the famous "clear and present danger" test to determine when a state could constitutionally limit an individual's free speech rights under the First Amendment.

10. Abrams v. United States: a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States upholding the 1918 Amendment to the Espionage Act of 1917, which made it a criminal offense to urge curtailment of production of the materials necessary.

11. Treaty Of Versailles: Germany and the Allies signed a peace treaty at the end of World War I.

12. Anglo-Saxonism: theory widely held in the late 19th century that the English-speaking peoples were racially superior. Combined with Social Darwinism, fueled American expansionism in the late 19th century.

13. William McKinley: 25th president (1896). In 1898, McKinley led the nation into war with Spain over the issue of Cuban independence; the decisive conflict ended with the US in possession of Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam. Reelected in 1900, McKinley was killed by an anarchist in Buffalo, NY, in September 1901.

14. League of Nations: A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946

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Chapter 21 study guide