Best Practices for Transportation End Users: Propane, CNG, and Electricity

Gas Technology Institute

March 2014

22

Objectives

A. Intro to Fuel Type – Fuel 101

B. Fueling Station Basics

C. Fueling Basics

D. Safety Hazards

E. “Typical” Applications

33

Propane Autogas 101

oLPG or Propane or Autogas has the chemical formula C3H8

oIt is transferred into a vehicle as pressurized liquid and will vaporize at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature.

oLike gasoline or diesel, propane gas is heavier than air.

oPropane is burned in internal combustion engine to power vehicle.

oPropane is dispensed and sold by liquid gallon.

44

Propane Fueling Basics

oService pressure of a propane system is at least 240 psi. At this pressure the LPG will stay a liquid at temperatures of 120° F or less.

oBy code, LPG fuel tanks are only allowed to be filled to roughly 80% of volume.

oPropane Autogas station is similar to gasoline station.

oFueling time is similar to gasoline station; about 10 -12 gallons per minute.

55

Propane Station Basics

66

Propane Safety Hazards

oSimilar to gasoline, Propane is a flammable fuel and ignition sources are forbidden in fueling areas.

oPropane is stored and pumped into vehicles in pressurized liquid state. Hazards of pressure exist.

oOperators can be freeze burned from contact with liquid propane.

oPropane is an asphyxiating gas which will displace oxygen if trapped in enclosure.

77

CNG 101

oCompressed Natural Gas (CNG) is predominately Methane (chemical formula CH4).

oNatural Gas typically exists in a gaseous vapor form.

oUnlike gasoline, diesel, or propane; natural gas is lighter than air.

oCNG is burned in internal combustion engine to power vehicle.

o5.66 lbs (~125 SCF) of natural gas is a Gasoline Gallon Equivalent (GGE)

88

CNG Fueling Basics

oNominal pressure of CNG storage in U.S. is 3600

psi. Older 3000 psi systems are mostly phased out.

oCNG pressure is 3600 psi at 70° F (settled

pressure), and no more than 4500 psi at any temp.

oFueling is typically done as a “fast-fill”; about 5-10

“gallons” per minute. “Time-fill” for overnight fueling

can take 4-10 hours.

o“Fast-fill” station is similar to gasoline station.

oHome fueling can be done in residential garage.

99

CNG Station Basics

1010

CNG Safety Hazards

o Similar to gasoline, CNG is a flammable fuel and

ignition sources are forbidden in fueling areas.

oCNG is stored at high pressure. High pressure gas

is an energy hazard and poses risk to operators.

oNatural gas is an asphyxiating gas which will

displace oxygen if trapped in enclosure.

1111

Electricity as Trans. Fuel 101

oAC power is delivered to the electric vehicle supply

equipment (EVSE) (often referred to as a charging

station) and is typically converted to DC power in

the vehicle.

oDC power is stored in a battery to drive the

vehicle’s electric motor.

oElectricity is sold per kWh. It can be sold in many

different ways commercially as a vehicle fuel (e.g.

subscription, per hour, per charge, per kWh, etc.).

1212

EV Charging Basics

oFueling can be performed in a residential garage or

at commercial location:

o Level 1 - Standard household 120 VAC, 12 A, 7 to 16 hours for full charge.

o Level 2 - 240 VAC, 20 A, 3 to 7 hours for full charge.

oDC Fast Charge - requires 480 VAC to charger, DC

current goes directly to battery, charges vehicle to

80% capacity in 30 minutes.

1313

EV Station Basics

1414

EV Safety Hazards

o Electricity poses an energy potential, fire, and

shock hazard to operators.

oHigher voltage and current can pose increased

risks.

1515

Best Practice and Application

o All of these alt fuels are a triple win:

o Economic advantages

o Environmental benefits

o Energy security benefits

o All of these alt fuels offer “dedicated” and “bi-fuel”

options; option to use traditional fuel and/or alt fuel

o Idle reduction and driver training are first steps

towards greening your fleet

o Training is key to every safe deployment

1616

Best Practice and Application

oGetting “buy-in” from the whole organization (drivers,

maintenance personnel, management) is key to

every successful deployment

o Knowing vehicle needs and driving characteristics is

critical in selecting the correct alternative fuel(s)

o If you don’t know your fleets characteristics, let the

National Renewable Energy Lab help through the

Fleet DNA Program.

http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/fleettest/researc

h_fleet_dna.html

1717

Propane “Typical” Applications

o Low fueling station cost and maintenance garage similarities leads to low upfront capital investment

Propane Fleet “Sweet Spot”

Range Limits(miles)

400 to 800 (varies by vocation)

Fleet Size Small to Large (>5)

Vehicle Class Light Duty; Medium Duty

Fuel Usage High (>1000 gal/yr.)

Time of Day Ops 24/7

Station Cost $30,000 (Small Fast Fill) - $175,000 (100’s of vehicles/day)

Fuel Cost per year1

(LD Fleet vehicle)

$2,533 (25,000 miles; 26.4 mpg; $2.67 / gallon)

1. Fuel cost from Clean Cities Alt Fuel Price Report (Oct 2013, Midwest); Fuel Economy 85% of LD vehicle

1818

CNG “Typical” Applications

o High Fuel use vehicles have very fast Return On Investment because of low per gallon cost

CNG Fleet “Sweet Spot”

Range Limits(miles)

200 to 600 (varies by vocation)

Fleet Size Medium to Large (>10)

Vehicle Class LD; MD; HD

Fuel Usage High (>2000 gal/yr.)

Time of Day Ops 24/7

Station Cost $40,000 (Small time-fill) - $2M (100’s of vehicles/day)

Fuel Cost per year1

(LD Fleet vehicle)

$1,508 (25,000 miles; 31 mpg; $1.83 / GGE)

1. Fuel cost from Clean Cities Alt Fuel Price Report (Oct 2013, Midwest); Fuel Economy of 2012 Honda Civic Natural Gas

1919

EV “Typical” Applications

o Zero tailpipe emissions and high motor efficiency lead to local environmental benefits

EV Fleet “Sweet Spot”

Range Limits(miles)

30 to 100 (varies by vocation)

Fleet Size Small to Medium

Vehicle Class Light Duty;MD/HD (limited)

Fuel Usage Low

Time of Day Ops 8 hours / day

Station Cost $1,000/vehicle (Level 1) - $75,000 (DC Fast Charge)

Fuel Cost per year1

(Light Duty Fleet vehicle)

$1050 (25,000 miles; .35kwh/mile; .12/kwh)

1. Fuel cost from EIA (Midwest, 2013); Fuel Economy from US DOE eGallon

2020

Acknowledgement of Support

2121

Questions?

Thank you for your time.

Gene Keck & Bob McGuireAlpha Baking Company, Inc.

5001 W Polk St, Chicago, IL 60644(773) 261-6000

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane) Fleet

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7TM034W89k

• Headquarters in Green Bay, WI – Over the road, truck load carrier

• Currently operating 330 diesel tractors and 80 CNG tractors

• Over 7,000,000 miles on CNG trucks

• First CNG truck placed in service in February 2010

• CNG benefits = Economic, Environment, American Fuel

• Making a change to CNG takes a commitment to change and a

desire to be better.

Jeff Shefchick, PresidentPaper Transport, Inc.2701 Executive DriveGreen Bay, WI 54304(800) 317-3650

Milwaukee’s CNG & EV Experience

Best Practices for End Users for CNG, LPG, and Electricity

Jeffrey A. Tews, CPFP

Fleet Operations Manager

City of MilwaukeeDepartment of Public Works

Operations Division, Fleet Services Section

Diverse Fleet

123 different types of equipment, from aerial lifts to welders

City of Milwaukee Fleet:

– Diesel units 929 pieces

– Gasoline units 1,670 pieces

– Propane units 138 pieces

– CNG Units 29 Pieces

– Non-Fuel units 995 pieces

Annual Fuel Use:

– Diesel fuel 1,000,000 gallons/year

– Gasoline 600,000 gallons/year

– Propane 17,000 gallons/year

– CNG 165,000 DGE’s

CNG Equipment

21 Refuse Packers w/Plows

22 more Refuse Packers on Order

5 Cargo Vans

3 Mid-Size Cars

1980, 1992 CNG Initiatives

Low Power

3,000 PSI

Conversions

Slow-Fill Station

Short Range

Current Refuse Units

15 Rear-Loading Refuse Packers

6 Automated Side-Loading Refuse Packers

320 HP engines, automatic transmissions

42, 75, 80 DGE Tanks

Snow Plowing, 2010

CNG Fueling Stations

Compressor drives both public and City access Dual 250 Hp electric motor driven compressors

Two 3-stage storage cascades

CNG Fueling Stations

Front – Public Access 3000 / 3600 PSI

Credit card access only

Open 24/7

CNG Fueling Stations

Rear – City Access

3600 PSI

Employee card access

RFID or Mag-Stripe

CNG Fueling Stations

Slow-Fill

16 Vehicles

Block Heaters

Sequential Fill

CNG Problems

Leaks at Cascades

O-Ring

Relief Valves

Leaks in Systems

Relief Valves

ESD Switches

Connected Drive-Offs

EV Equipment

1 Plug-In Hybrid Car

– 11,586 miles per year

– Previous gasoline 23.48 mpg

– Current MPG: 277.7

16 Hybrid Cars

– 8,119 miles per year

– Previous gasoline 23.48 mpg

– Current MPG: 36.9

19 Hybrid SUV’s

– 8,602 miles per year

– Previous gasoline 18.48 mpg

– Current MPG: 25.3

Thank You!

Clean Cities Web-Based

Tools & Resources

Wisconsin

Clean Cities

South Shore

Clean Cities

Chicago Area

Clean Cities

Clean Cities Web Resources

• Clean Cities

• FuelEconomy.gov

• Alternative Fuels Data Center

Clean Cities Website

Clean Cities Financial Opportunities

Become a member of your local

clean cities coalition to receive

funding announcements!

Clean Cities

Informational Resources

Clean Cities News

• Information about

alternative fuels,

vehicles, and fueling

infrastructure.

• Laws and Incentives

• Interactive Online

Tools

• Maps and Data

• Deployment Case

Studies

• Searchable

Publications

Database

Alternative Fuels Data Center

AFDC Alternative Fuel Price Report

AFDC Laws & Incentives

AFDC Maps & Data

AFDC Petroleum

Reduction Planning Tool

AFDC Light-Duty &

Heavy-Duty Vehicle Searches

AFDC Alternative

Fueling Station Locator

AFDC Mobile Alternative Fueling

Station Locator & iPhone App

AFDC Vehicle Cost Calculator

AFDC Case Studies

Fuel Economy Information

Side-by-Side

Comparisons

Fuel Economy Ratings

Energy Impact

Smog Score

GHG Emissions

Fuel Costs

FuelEconomy.gov

Additional Resources

www.ngvc.org/incentives/federalNGV.html

www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/cmaqEnvironmental Protection Agency

www.epa.gov

AFLEET Tool

http://greet.es.anl.gov/afleet

US DOE VICE Model – “Use the accompanying Clean Cities Vehicle and Infrastructure Cash-Flow Evaluation

(VICE) Model to evaluate the return on investment and payback period for natural gas vehicles and fueling

infrastructure” and http://www.roushcleantech.com/faq/propane-autogas for propane (LPG).

• Clean Cities

– www.cleancities.energy.gov

• Alternative Fuels Data Center

– www.afdc.energy.gov

• FuelEconomy.gov

– www.fueleconomy.gov

• AFLEET Tool

– http://greet.es.anl.gov/afleet

• Clean Cities Technical Response Service

– Email: technicalresponse@icfi.com

– Phone: 800-254-6735

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

• www.epa.gov

Websites & Resources

• Wisconsin State Energy Office

• www.stateenergyoffice.wi.gov

• Illinois State Energy Office

• www.ilenergynow.org

• Indiana State Energy Office

• www.in.gov/oed/

• Natural Gas Vehicles for America

• www.ngvc.org/incentives/federalNGV.html

• U.S. Department of Transportation

• www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/

cmaq

• National Renewable Energy Lab Fleet DNA

Program

• http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/fleette

st/research_fleet_dna.html

Sustainability Summit

March 26-28, 2014

Milwaukee, WI

Energy Independence Summit

March 30 - April 2, 2014

Washington, D.C.

Green Vehicles Workshop & Showcase

April 22, 2014

Milwaukee, WI

GREEN DRIVE: Natural Gas Roundtable

May 19, 2014

Oshkosh, WI

GREEN DRIVE: Natural Gas Roundtable

May 19, 2014

Oshkosh, WI

Upcoming Events

GREEN DRIVE: Alternative Fuels Workshop & WSF

Recognition Lunch

May 20, 2014

Madison, WI

GREEN DRIVE: Chicago Area Clean Cities

May 21, 2014

Chicago, IL

GREEN DRIVE: WPCA Extravaganza

May 22, 2014

Milwaukee, WI

http://www.wicleancities.org/events.php

http://www.southshorecleancities.org/events.php

http://www.wicleancities.org/events.php

Contact Information

Wisconsin Clean Cities

231 W. Michigan Street, P321

Milwaukee, WI 53203

Lorrie Lisek, Executive Director

Office: 414-221-4958

Lorrie.lisek@wicleancities.org

Chicago Area Clean Cities

30 N. LaSalle Street, Suite 1100

Chicago, IL 60601

Samantha Bingham, Executive Director

Office: 312-744-8096

Samantha.bingham@cityofchicago.org

South Shore Clean Cities

9800 Connecticut Drive

Crown Point, IN 46307

Carl Lisek, Executive Director

Office: 219-644-3690

clisek@southshorecleancities.org