Intro to cj ch 3 ppt

CJ2015James A. Fagin

Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved

Introduction to Criminal Justice,McKenzie Wood

Fagin, CJ 2015

Chapter 3: Measuring Crime and Victimization



3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

Summarize the various methods for measuring crime and

the problems related to measuring crime.

Summarize the various methods for gathering criminaljustice data.

Explain the relationship between crime and social reactionto crime.

Summarize the theories of victimization.

Summarize the victims' rights movement.3.5

CHAPTER OUTCOMES



3.1Summarize the various methods for measuring crime and the problems related to measuring crime.

Learning ObjectiveAfter this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes



The Uniform Crime Report (UCR)3.1

•In 1930, Congress passed federal legislation mandating the collection of crime data.

•The F.B.I. is responsible for the collection of data.

•The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is a record of crime reported to law enforcement agencies.



The Uniform Crime Report (UCR)3.1

• The participation of local and state agencies is voluntary because federal law does not mandate the reporting of crime data to the FBI, but today participation is nearly universal.

• The UCR collects data on only 27 criminal violations, which are divided into two categories: serious crimes (Part I) and less serious crimes (Part II).



Part I Crimes: UCR "Index" Offenses3.1

Aggravated AssaultRobberyRapeMurder

ArsonMotor Vehicle Theft

LarcenyBurglary



Part II Crimes: UCR3.1

Less serious offenses include the following:



Part II Crimes: UCR (continued)3.1

Less serious offenses include the following:



The Modern UCR3.1• Clearance rate

Refers to the percentage of crimes that aresolved versus crimes that are unsolved. •Solved means that the police believe they know the perpetrator of the crime. •Solved does not mean the perpetrator has been arrested, prosecuted, convicted or incarcerated.

• Crime Clock Reports how often a crime occurs and used to emphasize that crime is occurring nearly all of the time



2010 Crime Clock3.12010 Crime Clock – Violent CrimesOne murder every 35.6 minutesOne forcible rape every 6.2 minutesOne robbery every 1.4 minutesOne aggravated assault every 40.5 minutes

2010 Crime Clock – Property CrimesOne burglary every 14.6 minutesOne larceny-theft every 5.1 minutesOne motor vehicle theft every 42.8 minutes



National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)3.1• The NCVS is a survey of a representative sample of

U.S. households that gathers detailed information about crimes from victims.

• The NCVS originated in 1972, when it was recognized that a significant number of crimes go unreported to the police.

• Unreported crime is called the dark figure of crime statistics because it recognizes that the official data of crime reported to the police is lower than the actual crime rate.



National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)3.1

Goals of the NCVS:



Crime Data Included in the NCVS3.1



3.2 Summarize the various methods for gathering criminal justice data.




Other Sources of Criminal Justice Data3.2

National Criminal Justice

Reference Service

Sourcebook of Criminal

Justice Statistics

Bureau of Justice

Statistics (BJS)

State Surveys and Self-Reports

Federally funded

resource offering justice

and drug-related

information to support

research, policy, and program

development worldwide.

Brings together data from more

than 200 sources

about many aspects of

criminal justice in the United

States.

Primary source for criminal

justice statistics that compiles

reports on many aspects of the criminal justice system, including data about federal,

state, and local criminal justice.

State-sponsored research includes

surveys of crime similar to

those of the UCR, which are conducted by the individual states, and surveys of

crime in public schools.



3.3 Explain the relationship between crime and social reaction to crime.




Crime and Society's Reaction3.3

•Measures of crime data do not necessary reflect the public's fear of victimization, the process of being victimized or becoming a victim of crime.

•Crime statistics refers to the gathering, analysis, and interpretation of crime data. Crime statistics indicate what crime has occurred, not what crime will occur.

•Longitudinal comparisons are examinations of crime data recorded in one time period with crime data from another time period, such as year-to-year comparisons and comparisons over a number of years.



3.4Summarize the theories of victimization.




Victimology 3.4

Victimology is the study of victims and the patterns of how they are victimized.

From this perspective, the question is not why certain individuals (or groups) engage in criminal behavior; instead, the emphasis is on explaining why certain people (or groups) experience victimization at certain times and in certain places.



Dislocation3.4

As law enforcement practices and programs in larger cities make it more difficult for criminals to prey on victims, the offenders relocate to the suburbs or rural areas with fewer criminal justice resources.



Victim-Precipitation Theories3.4

• Based on the concept that victims themselves precipitate, contribute to, provoke, or actually cause the outcome of their victimization

• Victim precipitation means that the victim is not simply an object acted upon by a criminal or is selected at random



Three Facets of Victim Precipitation3.4



Victimization Theories3.4

Lifestyle Theories

Personal victimization is an outgrowth of a victim's high-risk

behavior patterns and associations.

Differential Association

People who associate regularly with others

who engage in unlawful behavior are more likely

to be victimized because of their

increased exposure to high-risk situations.



Routine Activities Theory3.4• Assumes that all humans are motivated by the

desire to have things that give them pleasure or benefit them and to avoid those things and situations that inflict pain.

• The routine activities approach to crime is limited to an explanation for predatory crime.

• Predatory crimes are acts involving direct physical contact between at least one offender and at least one person or object which that offender attempts to take or damage.



Interaction in Routine Activities Theory3.4



Interaction in Routine Activities Theory3.4Predatory victimization depends on the

interaction of the following three variables in a social situation:



3.5 Summarize the victims' rights movement.




The Victims' Rights Movement3.5

• Victimization results in financial, physical, and psychological harm to the victim.

• Insurance may replace the property lost or destroyed in a burglary, but the feeling of vulnerability and fear may last a lifetime.



The Victims' Rights Movement3.5

• Secondary victimization is the victimization caused not by the criminal act, but through the inappropriate response of institutions and individuals.

• The victims' rights movement grew out of the dissatisfaction of victims with the passive role, neglect, and minimization of harm they suffered.



Important Events in the Victims' Rights Movement3.5

The number of victims' rights organizations

increased dramatically, and

national coordinating

bodies such as the National

Organization for Victim Assistance

(NOVA) were founded

Several government initiatives increased

awareness and provided financial

support for victims' assistance

programs

Measures in the 1960s brought

general concern about individual rights in many

arenas, including civil rights,

women's rights, inmates' rights, gay rights, and students' rights



Crime Victim Rights Act of 20043.5

• A law enacted in 2004 that guarantees crime victims a number of rights, including the right to protection and restitution

• The goal of the legislation was assurance to crime victims that their rights would be recognized by the criminal justice system



The Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Survey and the two primary methods of

crime data collection. Because of several shortcomings with both the UCR and NCVS data

collection methodology, the implementation of the National Incident-Based Reporting System now seeks to broaden the information gathered about crime and

its victims.

A number of federal agencies provide broad sources of data pertaining to criminal justice. Some of these

sources include the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), the Sourcebook of

Criminal Justice Statistics, and the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS).

Measures of crime data do not accurately mirror the public's fear of victimization. Although rising crime rates might cause the public to be more fearful of

crime, a decrease in crime rates does not necessarily result in less fear of victimization.

3.1

3.2

3.3

CHAPTER SUMMARY



Patterns of victimization vary based on economic and social characteristics of the victim. Victimization is

also more likely to occur in areas with a high density of high-risk groups. Some theories look at the role

victims play in precipitating their own victimization, while other theories view the environment as a factor

affecting the rate of victimization.

Victimization results in financial, physical, and psychological harm to the victims. The effects of

criminal victimization may include additional suffering at the hands of friends, family, news media,

and the criminal justice system. As a result of the harm incurred by victims, a contemporary movement

has grown focusing more on victims' rights. The federal and state governments have passed new laws

aimed at broadening victims' rights for protection and restitution.

3.4

3.5

CHAPTER SUMMARY

Law

Intro to cj ch 3 ppt