BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2(BLD 60703/ ARC 2513)

Tutor: Mr. Mohamed Rizal Mohamed

Group Members:

Heng Sy Hua 0321999Carlson Ko 0319564Harwinder Singh Girn 0319881Koo Jian Xiang 0322975Aron Chong Yu Ho

Content

1.IntroductionFo

2.Function

3.Design Concept and Development

4.Design Considerations

5.Design Process

6.Exploded Axonometric

7.Final Design

8.Orthorgraphic Drawings

9.Building Material Analysis

10.Skeletal Structure Analysis

11.Load Transfer

12.Construction Process

13.Problem and Solution

14.Final Outcome

15.Conclusion

16.Reference and Appendix

Introduction

Function

This is a fundamental project that enable us to create understanding of skeletal sturcture as well as relevant structural components.Also, lead us to learn about the structural loading and how it is constructed. Hence, in a group of 5-6 we are required to constructa temporary bus shelter in the scale of 1:5 which suitable structure, material and joints.

Withstand harsh weather conditionin Malaysia, which included sunny and rainy days

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Provide shelter for passanger.Shield them from the weatherand provide safety

Disabled frendly. Allowdisable assanger to access to the bus stand

The bus stop should be able to accommodate a least 5-6 passanger at a time

Design Concept

Design Development

The design inspiration is taken from the pedestrian canopy which is built followingthe pathway.It also imposed a sense of stability and safety to the users . Hence, the bus stop is designed to mimic the aura of a pedestrian walkway so that the street view will not be destructed by this humle design.

2

2 three dimensional shape is choosen as the design massing

Both shapes are arrnged to meet the design desired

Basic flooring and roof height isset and constructed

Initial construction elementis placed in to fufill the basic requirments

Design is revised to ensure the bus stop is user friendly and can withstand the weather conditions

Materials and structural details are set. Standard dimensions of the construction elements are confirmed.

Design Considerations

The bus stop will be placed in an open area hence, shadingis essential to create a comfortable waiting areafor the passengers. Hence, louvers and slightly elongated opeque roof are used to decrease the intensity of sunlight penetration.

Louvers and elongated roof alsoplays an important role in avoidingrain dampen the interior of the bus stand. The bus stand is also slightly elevated to prevent minor flooding happens during heavy rain.

Good vendilation will improve the comfortness of the bus stand.Hence, the bus stand is designedsemi enclosed to allow wind blow and make sure its wellvendilated.

Only one side of the bus stand is enclosed while the rest is opened as entry and exit point. Hence more than 1 person canenter the bus stand at a time.

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Sunlight Penetration Wind blow and vendilation

Human flowRain fall

326mm

1mm16mm

11mm

60mm

10mm

400mm

16mm

44mm2mm2mm

313mm

13mm

196mm

Design Process

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Mock up 1

Several designs are presented to the tutorwith different concepts and ideas.

Draft idea is finalised. Some changes are applied to improve the design. Final mock up model is built with actual

measuremets and size. Suitable joints are inserted into the mock up.

Mock up 3 Scale 1:5

Mock up 2Scale 1:100

Exploded Axonometric

5

Lintel

Floor timeber finishes

Foundation

Ground

Bracing

Zinc plate roofing

Metal louver

Main skeletal structure

Seatings and joint

Ramp

FInal Design

6

Orthographic Drawingsp

7

326mm

11mm44mm2mm2mm

16mm

313mm

13mm

400mm

16mm

60mm44mm

904mm

36mm 36mm6mm 1mm

44mm 44mm

16mm

44mm

814mm

800mm

16mm

60mm

44mm

10mm

13mm

700mm

60mm

2mm 2mm

439mm487mm

Orthographic Drawings

8

44mm44mm 44mm

16mm

814mm

13mm

800mm

16mm

326mm

1mm16mm

11mm

60mm

10mm

400mm

16mm

44mm2mm2mm

313mm

13mm

196mm

Building Material Analysis

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Recycled woodis used as substitution

Recycled metal is used

as substitution.

Recycled zinc plate is used as substitution

Zinc RoofThe production of zinc consumes less energy, as compared to other types of metals.

Requires low levels of fuel during thefabrication process.

Recyclable material.

Long lasting and low cost

Zinc has low toxicity levels, malleableand sturdy.

Steel Seats

Steel is more durable than other materials, it can last a lifetime.

Safer, weather and flame resistant and can be kept outside at any time.

Won’t rot, splinter or crack like wooden benches

Easy-to-clean, no maintenance needed

Designed for comfort with contoured seats

Composite Deck

Durability: resists fading, staining, scratching and mold. It’s also insect-proof and splinter-free, making it safer and more comfortable for families with kids and pets.

Low-maintenance

Aesthetics: Featuring high-definition wood grain patterns and rich,saturated color.

Sustainability: The deck boards are made using recycled content, includingreclaimed industrial wood scraps and recycled plastic.

Skeletal Structure Analysis

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Primary Structure

Columns

Main Support toconnect foundationto roof

Ground Beam

Stablise the whole structure

Roof Beam

Create a platform for roof construction

Louver

Constructedto fight againstharsh weathercondition

Ramp

For the excess for people with wheelchair

Bracing As secondary support system for the bus stand

Secondary Structure

Load Transfer

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The main load is carried by the H-columns and the I-beams and transferred towards the pad footings supporting the main structure. Trusses were added to enhance the stability to withstand load of the structure.

Primary Structure

Braces are added to increase the sturdiness of the structure. It reinforces the structure in which diagonal supports intersect. It helps make buildings sturdier and more likely to withstand lateral forces. This method of construction maximizes the weight of the load a structure is able to support.

Secondary Structure

Construction Process

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-Pad foundations are generally shallow foundations.

-They are a form of spread foundation that support single-point loads such as structural columns, groups of columns or framed structures.

- This load is then spread by the pad to the bearing layer of soil or rock below.

- The benefit of using this method is that it is a simple procedure which only requires manual labor that is ideal for the size.

foundation type: Pad foundation

I Beam

H Column

Foundation Framework

Purpose of using steel framework

- steel framing is flexible because it can bend without cracking.

- a steel structure can flex when it is pushed to one side by wind.

- steel frames has its plasticity or ductility. This means, it can be subjected to great force and it will not break easily.

- A wide range of joining methods is available, such as bolting, welding.

- building a steel frame requires less energy than using wood or traditional methods.

-Steel frames are sustainable as waste is minimized.

-Steel is an inert material with no impact on the surroundings

direction of load

Ground

Pad foundation

Construction Process

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Roof

Triangular Mounting Bracketis used as support for the seatings.

Flooring and seating

Seatings

The seatings are connected to the H-columns through a support bolted to the H-column. Benches type of seating is used to accommodate more people.

Flat roof

- The flat roof provides sufficient space below the bus shelter.

- Less material is used when constructing and it is easier to construct compared to a slopped roof.

Joining of roof to beam

- The gasket screw is placed a the protruding parts of the zinc plate to avoid the blockage of water flow and fall leaves during rainingdays.

Floorings

The choice of material for the floorings are a type of hardwood. Slits are cut out from the sides to be able to slot into the gaps between the H-columns. The planks are then laid flat onto the trusses below the flooring.

Construction Process

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Joint

Steel column

Steel column

Steel plate and bolt

Steel beam

Steel main beam

Steel plate and bolt

Steel sub beam

Base plate and bolt

Gusset plate

Bracing

Base plate and bolt

Bolts set in pockets

Concrete bas

Foundation to column

Underpinning The process would begin by digging boxes below ground, underneath the existing foundations, using a shovel. Concrete would then be poured strategically into these boxes. The advantage of using this method is that it is a simple procedure which only requires manual labour and heavy machinery is not needed.

Column to Beam

Clip AngleThe beams and columns are connected inright angle by using shear plate and bolts.

Beam to beam Shear end plate connection Steel plate is welded perpendicularly against .the main beams and bolted.

Bracing

Gusset Plate The joint is created by welded the gusset to the columndiagonally and also the intersect part between 2 bracingto create an “X” shape supporting system

Problem and Solution

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Due to our Bus Stop elevated, we would add in a ramp as a considerate effort for the handicapped. The maximum recommended slope of ramps is 1:20. Steeper slopes may be allowed in special cases depending on the length to be covered.

Maximum slope Maximum length Maximum rise

1:20 i.e., 5% - -

1:16 i.e., 6% 8 m 0.50 m

1:14 i.e., 7% 5 m 0.35 m

1:12 i.e., 8% 2 m 0.15 m

1:10 i.e., 10% 1.25 m 0.12 m

1:08 i.e., 12% 0.5 m 0.06 m

Ramp

In order to fix the ramp heightat 200mm, 100mm of the pad foundation is being shunken into the ground

Minimum dimension of length and witdh of astandard

1500

200

900

200mm100mm of the foundation is under the ground level

Final Outcome

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Suitable materials and joinst isincoorperate into the design

Conclusion

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Through this project, we are able to construct a real life building with appropriate dimensions and materials. We alsoget to know the whole construction process and actually get oursleves involved in it. Apart from that, we are able to understand how laod is transfered from top to bottom and how to determine the stability of the structure. By selecting the suitable joint and material,we learned that even the smallest details can effect the suitability and comfortness of the design. In conclusion, this project has taught us every single detaisl about how construction works.

Reference and appendix

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Appendix

Reference

1.http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD2-01.htm2.http://xtlearn.net/L/3031/12/J3.http://www.steelconstruction.info/Simple_connections4.http://elsa.jrc.ec.europa.eu/publications/LBNA25377ENN.pdf