IoT Primer for High School Students

Syam Madanapal l i | IEEE Senior Member

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Outline

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State, Data and IoT

Innovating IoT Applications

Introducing the Internet

Defining IoT for Beginners

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What is the relation?

Time The Earth

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Time The Earth

Is a State of

Times gives the position of the Earth in the solar system.

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What if Time was NOT Invented?

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Delayed the advancement of civilization

No

w

Later

Past

Future

Present

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Observation Measurement Electricity Internet

Devices evolved from observation to accurate measurement, and usage of battery and the Internet

Time Advanced the Civilization

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Time made discipline

Time enabled the collaboration

Time caused the Industrial Revolution*

* E. P. Thompson in Time, Work-Discipline,and Industrial Capitalism, 1967

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What if we can discover or invent more attributes on/for the Earth?

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State and DataEverything has state; many things need data

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Expiry Date Heart Rate Name of a Person Current Time

Everything has a State

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State is Exhibited with Attributes

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State can be expressed with multiple attributes

Attribute Value

Temperature 24 C

Battery Level 65%

Name Thermostat

Others …

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State Machines

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Few things expose internal state using state machines

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Bulb

State Machines may Take Inputs

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Sometimes users control the state

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Bulb

Few Things need Data

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Air-conditioner needs current temperature

and time

Washing machine may need current energy

tariff

Car needs road conditions for better

control

People Need Data

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Location information

Monitoring of health parameters

Waste level detection

Detecting tree cutting

Industrial equipment monitoring

Gas level detection for predictive maintenance

We Need Control

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Control lights and appliances

Ambulance controlling traffic signals

Vehicle speed control

Access control for security

Traffic monitoring and control

Remote parameter setting for equipment

Data - Some devices have it; other devices or people want to use it

Existence of State and the Need for Data

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Data ProviderData Users

Thing

State User 1

Data

User 3

Data

User 2

Data

How does the User get the Data?

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Data Providers Data Users

Data Providers Data Users

Bridging Data Providers and Users

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Everything has stateState is represented using attributes

State is transitioned into data from owner to usersMany users will have same data for different purpose

The Internet connects the data users to the ownersIt can scale to provide connectivity for trillions of devices

Thing

State

User

Data

Key Takeaways

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Internet

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The InternetThe pervasive driver of change and improvement in our history

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The Internet

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A mechanism for information dissemination

A medium for collaboration and interaction

• Packet Switching

• ARPANET

• TCP/IP

• NCP

• TCP

• First Gateway

• World Wide Web• Time Sharing• Remote login• File transfer

• (Hot) Email• Broadband

• Social Networking

• SNMP

• IPSec

• DNS

• IPv4

• IPv6

• 6LoWPAN

• IoT• VoIP

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

• ARPANET moved to TCP/IP

• Blog

• IP Encryption

• IP Mobility History of the Internet

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The Internetting Concepts

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Protocol Layers and Packet Delivery

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PHY

MAC

NET

PHY

MAC

NET

TRANS

APP PHY

MAC

NET

PHY

MAC

NET

PHY

MAC

NET

PHY

MAC

NET

TRANS

APP

Host 1

Router 2

Router 3

Router 1

Default Gateway1

Router 4Host 2

SourceDefault Gateway

2 Destination

1

2

The Internet Evolution

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Internet of Things

Social Networking

Web

11.8B

500M2003 6.3B

20147.2B

2020 7.6B

* based on Morgan Stanely

75B*

World Population Connected Devices

Internet CoreMillion nodes

Routers, Servers

Internet FringeBillion nodes

Computers, mobiles

Internet of ThingsTrillion nodes

Sensors, Objects

Key Takeaways

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Internet of ThingsThe next BIG thing on the Planet Earth!

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Alfred North Whitehead(1861 – 1947)

Civilization advances by extendingthe number of important operationswhich we can perform withoutthinking about them.

Introduction to Mathematics (1911)

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Irrigation - Manual

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Knowledge

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Irrigation - with the Internet

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Comfort

Internet

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Irrigation - with IoT

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Intelligence

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Internet

Irrigation - IoT allows Innovation

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Smart

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Internet

Self-organizing network of objects/things

Internet as the major communication medium

Exchanging information between them and people

Helps in smart decision-making by harnessing the data

Internet of Things - the Definition

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Internet

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Aging PopulationRequires better care

Limited ResourcesRequires conservation

Govt. InitiativesBetter citizen services

InnovationNew business models

Safety & SecurityBetter living standards

LifestyleConvenience

Information GenerationMeasurements and

tracking

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Real-time InformationBetter decision making

Smart Grid

Smart Cities

Smart Environment

Safety and Security

Smart Retail

Smart Logistics

Smart Farming

Industrial Control

Customer Service

Smart Homes

eHealthcare

Smart Water

IoT Applications

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Smart C

ities

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Smart G

rid

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Smart Environment

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Forest Fire Detection

Air Pollution Monitoring

EMF Level Detection

Landslide and Avalanche Detection

Snow Level Monitoring

Earthquake Early Detection

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Safety, Security and Emergencies

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Access Control

Leakage Detection

Explosive and Hazardous

Gases

Radiation Levels

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Smart Water

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Quality of Drinking Water

Swimming Pool

Maintenance

Water Metering

River Monitoring

Sea Monitoring

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Smart Retail

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Supply Chain Control NFC Payments

Intelligent ShoppingSmart Product Management

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Smart Logistics

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Quality of Shipment

Item Location Tracking

Warehouse Monitoring

Fleet Tracking

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Industrial Control & Automation

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Visible FactorySmart Assembly

Plant Alarms Item Tracking

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Smart Farming

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Precision Farming

Green Houses

Smart Irrigation

Smart Animal Farming

Micro-weather

Forecasting

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Smart Homes

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Usage of Utilities

Smart Lighting

Appliance Control

Intrusion Detection

Pet Monitoring

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eHealthcare

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Fall Detection

Patient Monitoring

Sportsman Care

UV Radiation Detection

Women & Child Care

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Best Experience

Time

No Experience

Walk-in

Telephone1-800

InternetWeb, ChatReal-time

IoTProactive,

Preventive,Future

The Future of Customer Service

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1:11:N N:1

Time

Server Computing

Personal Computing

Pervasive Computing

IoT is Pervasive Computing!

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Internet of Things will have direct implications on the physical world

Optimal living

Future for the next generations

Economic development

Job creation

Improved living standards

Empowers people

New business opportunities

Key Takeaway

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IoT advances civilization

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Designing and Innovating IoT ApplicationsA scalable approach for designing the IoT based applications

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Access Technologies for IoT

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Parameter IEEE 802.15.4 WiFi BLE

Frequency Band868, 915MHz

2.4GHz2.4, 5.0 GHz 2.4GHz

Topology Start, Mesh Star Star

Range 100m-3Km 250m 100m

Data Rate 250KBps 600Mbps 1Mbps

PowerBattery, Mains,

HybridMains Battery

Applications Industrial, outdoorsResidential and

office environmentResidential and

personal

Internetworking 6lowpan IPv6 Under development

Low CostPhysical

ConstraintsLossy LinksLow Power

LowBoM

Less Code

Low Range

Low Data

Small Footprint

Self Healing

Minimal or no UI

'Things' - Design Considerations

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Design for sleepReceiving is expensiveTime is energy - transmit quickDefine the state modelDefine a set of servicesSize is cost:

Button cell > AAA > AA > MainsSensors

Inputs Outputs

Battery

SoC

Designing the Things

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Temperature SensorMeasures TemperatureReports the temperature every minute

Assumptions:Transaction duration: 3msCurrent consumption, avg: 30mANo. of transactions: 60 per hour

CR2032: ~Typical capacity 225 mAh = 810,000,000 mAmsNo. of transactions: 810,000,000 / (30 x 3) = 9,000,000No. of transactions per day: 60 x 24 = 1,440Duration of the battery: 9,000,000 / 1,440 = 6,250 days = 17.12 years

Assuming 30% overhead, the button cell would last for ~12 years.

How Long a Button Cell would last?

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A temperature serviceA time serviceNo bleeding between users or services

Autonomous Services

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Client behavior need not be definedClient use case determines the use of a serviceAllows innovation in client implementation

Server

Clients

Device

Services

User 1

Attributes

User 2 User 3

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Use case 1: Switching AC ON

Use case 2: Scheduled light ON/OFF

Use case defines how to use the services exposed by the devices

Light Service

Client

Time Service

Temp. Service

AC Service

Use Case

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Autonomous Services - Innovation

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100 Services = 1 267 650 600 228 229 401 496 703 205 375 Use cases

200 Services = more than the number of atoms on the Earth

Autonomous services allow Unlimited Innovation

n Services = ((2^n) – 1) possible Use cases

Building Context

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Chairs occupied

Table Interactions

Other inputs

Door Closed

Projector ON

No movement

Time

Other inputs

Lights OFF

Bed Occupied

Meeting is in progressContext

Person is sleepingContext

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App Deployment - PAN

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Personal Area IoT Networks

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Large scale/metro area IoT networks

Deployment in Metro Areas

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Key Takeaway

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Application

Use Cases

Services

State

Attribute 1 Attribute 2 … Attribute n

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Be Courageous

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Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam(1931 – 2015)

“My message, especially to youngpeople is to have courage to thinkdifferently, courage to invent, totravel the unexplored path, courageto discover the impossible and toconquer the problems and succeed....”

Thank You!smadanapal l i@gmai l .com

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This talk was delivered to students at Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum, Bangalore

on Sep 15th 2015, the Engineer’s Day in India.