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IoT Primer for High School Students
Syam Madanapal l i | IEEE Senior Member
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Outline
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State, Data and IoT
Innovating IoT Applications
Introducing the Internet
Defining IoT for Beginners
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What is the relation?
Time The Earth
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Time The Earth
Is a State of
Times gives the position of the Earth in the solar system.
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What if Time was NOT Invented?
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Delayed the advancement of civilization
No
w
Later
Past
Future
Present
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Observation Measurement Electricity Internet
Devices evolved from observation to accurate measurement, and usage of battery and the Internet
Time Advanced the Civilization
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Time made discipline
Time enabled the collaboration
Time caused the Industrial Revolution*
* E. P. Thompson in Time, Work-Discipline,and Industrial Capitalism, 1967
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What if we can discover or invent more attributes on/for the Earth?
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State and DataEverything has state; many things need data
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Expiry Date Heart Rate Name of a Person Current Time
Everything has a State
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State is Exhibited with Attributes
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State can be expressed with multiple attributes
Attribute Value
Temperature 24 C
Battery Level 65%
Name Thermostat
Others …
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State Machines
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Few things expose internal state using state machines
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Bulb
State Machines may Take Inputs
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Sometimes users control the state
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Bulb
Few Things need Data
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Air-conditioner needs current temperature
and time
Washing machine may need current energy
tariff
Car needs road conditions for better
control
People Need Data
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Location information
Monitoring of health parameters
Waste level detection
Detecting tree cutting
Industrial equipment monitoring
Gas level detection for predictive maintenance
We Need Control
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Control lights and appliances
Ambulance controlling traffic signals
Vehicle speed control
Access control for security
Traffic monitoring and control
Remote parameter setting for equipment
Data - Some devices have it; other devices or people want to use it
Existence of State and the Need for Data
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Data ProviderData Users
Thing
State User 1
Data
User 3
Data
User 2
Data
How does the User get the Data?
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Data Providers Data Users
Data Providers Data Users
Bridging Data Providers and Users
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Everything has stateState is represented using attributes
State is transitioned into data from owner to usersMany users will have same data for different purpose
The Internet connects the data users to the ownersIt can scale to provide connectivity for trillions of devices
Thing
State
User
Data
Key Takeaways
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Internet
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The InternetThe pervasive driver of change and improvement in our history
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The Internet
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A mechanism for information dissemination
A medium for collaboration and interaction
• Packet Switching
• ARPANET
• TCP/IP
• NCP
• TCP
• First Gateway
• World Wide Web• Time Sharing• Remote login• File transfer
• (Hot) Email• Broadband
• Social Networking
• SNMP
• IPSec
• DNS
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN
• IoT• VoIP
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
• ARPANET moved to TCP/IP
• Blog
• IP Encryption
• IP Mobility History of the Internet
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The Internetting Concepts
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Protocol Layers and Packet Delivery
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PHY
MAC
NET
PHY
MAC
NET
TRANS
APP PHY
MAC
NET
PHY
MAC
NET
PHY
MAC
NET
PHY
MAC
NET
TRANS
APP
Host 1
Router 2
Router 3
Router 1
Default Gateway1
Router 4Host 2
SourceDefault Gateway
2 Destination
1
2
The Internet Evolution
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Internet of Things
Social Networking
Web
11.8B
500M2003 6.3B
20147.2B
2020 7.6B
* based on Morgan Stanely
75B*
World Population Connected Devices
Internet CoreMillion nodes
Routers, Servers
Internet FringeBillion nodes
Computers, mobiles
Internet of ThingsTrillion nodes
Sensors, Objects
Key Takeaways
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Internet of ThingsThe next BIG thing on the Planet Earth!
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Alfred North Whitehead(1861 – 1947)
Civilization advances by extendingthe number of important operationswhich we can perform withoutthinking about them.
Introduction to Mathematics (1911)
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Irrigation - Manual
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Knowledge
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Irrigation - with the Internet
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Comfort
Internet
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Irrigation - with IoT
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Intelligence
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Internet
Irrigation - IoT allows Innovation
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Smart
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Internet
Self-organizing network of objects/things
Internet as the major communication medium
Exchanging information between them and people
Helps in smart decision-making by harnessing the data
Internet of Things - the Definition
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Internet
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Aging PopulationRequires better care
Limited ResourcesRequires conservation
Govt. InitiativesBetter citizen services
InnovationNew business models
Safety & SecurityBetter living standards
LifestyleConvenience
Information GenerationMeasurements and
tracking
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Real-time InformationBetter decision making
Smart Grid
Smart Cities
Smart Environment
Safety and Security
Smart Retail
Smart Logistics
Smart Farming
Industrial Control
Customer Service
Smart Homes
eHealthcare
Smart Water
IoT Applications
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Smart C
ities
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Smart G
rid
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Smart Environment
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Forest Fire Detection
Air Pollution Monitoring
EMF Level Detection
Landslide and Avalanche Detection
Snow Level Monitoring
Earthquake Early Detection
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Safety, Security and Emergencies
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Access Control
Leakage Detection
Explosive and Hazardous
Gases
Radiation Levels
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Smart Water
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Quality of Drinking Water
Swimming Pool
Maintenance
Water Metering
River Monitoring
Sea Monitoring
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Smart Retail
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Supply Chain Control NFC Payments
Intelligent ShoppingSmart Product Management
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Smart Logistics
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Quality of Shipment
Item Location Tracking
Warehouse Monitoring
Fleet Tracking
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Industrial Control & Automation
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Visible FactorySmart Assembly
Plant Alarms Item Tracking
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Smart Farming
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Precision Farming
Green Houses
Smart Irrigation
Smart Animal Farming
Micro-weather
Forecasting
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Smart Homes
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Usage of Utilities
Smart Lighting
Appliance Control
Intrusion Detection
Pet Monitoring
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eHealthcare
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Fall Detection
Patient Monitoring
Sportsman Care
UV Radiation Detection
Women & Child Care
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Best Experience
Time
No Experience
Walk-in
Telephone1-800
InternetWeb, ChatReal-time
IoTProactive,
Preventive,Future
The Future of Customer Service
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1:11:N N:1
Time
Server Computing
Personal Computing
Pervasive Computing
IoT is Pervasive Computing!
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Internet of Things will have direct implications on the physical world
Optimal living
Future for the next generations
Economic development
Job creation
Improved living standards
Empowers people
New business opportunities
Key Takeaway
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IoT advances civilization
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Designing and Innovating IoT ApplicationsA scalable approach for designing the IoT based applications
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Access Technologies for IoT
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Parameter IEEE 802.15.4 WiFi BLE
Frequency Band868, 915MHz
2.4GHz2.4, 5.0 GHz 2.4GHz
Topology Start, Mesh Star Star
Range 100m-3Km 250m 100m
Data Rate 250KBps 600Mbps 1Mbps
PowerBattery, Mains,
HybridMains Battery
Applications Industrial, outdoorsResidential and
office environmentResidential and
personal
Internetworking 6lowpan IPv6 Under development
Low CostPhysical
ConstraintsLossy LinksLow Power
LowBoM
Less Code
Low Range
Low Data
Small Footprint
Self Healing
Minimal or no UI
'Things' - Design Considerations
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Design for sleepReceiving is expensiveTime is energy - transmit quickDefine the state modelDefine a set of servicesSize is cost:
Button cell > AAA > AA > MainsSensors
Inputs Outputs
Battery
SoC
Designing the Things
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Temperature SensorMeasures TemperatureReports the temperature every minute
Assumptions:Transaction duration: 3msCurrent consumption, avg: 30mANo. of transactions: 60 per hour
CR2032: ~Typical capacity 225 mAh = 810,000,000 mAmsNo. of transactions: 810,000,000 / (30 x 3) = 9,000,000No. of transactions per day: 60 x 24 = 1,440Duration of the battery: 9,000,000 / 1,440 = 6,250 days = 17.12 years
Assuming 30% overhead, the button cell would last for ~12 years.
How Long a Button Cell would last?
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A temperature serviceA time serviceNo bleeding between users or services
Autonomous Services
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Client behavior need not be definedClient use case determines the use of a serviceAllows innovation in client implementation
Server
Clients
Device
Services
User 1
Attributes
User 2 User 3
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Use case 1: Switching AC ON
Use case 2: Scheduled light ON/OFF
Use case defines how to use the services exposed by the devices
Light Service
Client
Time Service
Temp. Service
AC Service
Use Case
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Autonomous Services - Innovation
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100 Services = 1 267 650 600 228 229 401 496 703 205 375 Use cases
200 Services = more than the number of atoms on the Earth
Autonomous services allow Unlimited Innovation
n Services = ((2^n) – 1) possible Use cases
Building Context
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Chairs occupied
Table Interactions
Other inputs
Door Closed
Projector ON
No movement
Time
Other inputs
Lights OFF
Bed Occupied
Meeting is in progressContext
Person is sleepingContext
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App Deployment - PAN
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Personal Area IoT Networks
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Large scale/metro area IoT networks
Deployment in Metro Areas
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Key Takeaway
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Application
Use Cases
Services
State
Attribute 1 Attribute 2 … Attribute n
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Be Courageous
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Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam(1931 – 2015)
“My message, especially to youngpeople is to have courage to thinkdifferently, courage to invent, totravel the unexplored path, courageto discover the impossible and toconquer the problems and succeed....”
Thank You!smadanapal l i@gmai l .com
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This talk was delivered to students at Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum, Bangalore
on Sep 15th 2015, the Engineer’s Day in India.