Assignment no. 1

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I q r a U n i v e r s i t y .C o u r s e : I . T . F o r M a n a g e r s .F a c i l i t a t o r : Q a z i S h a h a b A z a m .M B A ( E v e ) .2 n d S e m e s t e r.

Syed Zamin Ali Shah. (8914).6th March 2014.

Mandatory Assignment No. 1.

Answer No. 1:

Printers:

A printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on paper. Printers

can be divided into two main groups, impact printer and non-impact printer.

Impact printer produces text and images when tiny wire pins on print head strike

the ink ribbon by physically contacting the paper. Non-impact printer produces

text and graphics on paper without actually striking the paper.

Types of Printer:

The most popular printers used in these days are inkjet, laser, dot-matrix printer

and thermal printer. Only dot-matrix printer is impact printer and the others are

non-impact printers.

Inkjet Printers:

These printers are the most popular printer being used for home and business.

Inkjet printers are non-impact printers which print text and images by spraying

tiny droplets of liquid ink onto paper.

Dot Matrix Printer:

This type of printer was popular in his own time that was 70's and 80's but has

been gradually replaced by inkjet printers. However, they are still being used to

print multi-part forms and carbon copies for some businesses.

This printer produces text and graphics when tiny wire pins on the print head

strike the ink ribbon. The print head runs back and forth on the paper like a

typewriter. When the ink ribbon presses on the paper, it creates dots that form

text and images. Higher number of pins means that the printer prints more dots

per character, thus resulting in higher print quality.

Laser Printers:

Laser printers are non-impact printers, which can print text and images in high

speed and high quality resolution, ranging from 600 to 1200 dpi. Laser printer

use toner (black or colored powder) instead of liquid inks.

Components of Laser Printer:

A laser printer consists of these major components drum cartridge, rotating

mirror, toner cartridge and roller. Now we talk how laser printer works. The drum

cartridge rotates as the paper is fed through. The mirror deflects laser beam

across the surface of the drum. Laser beam creates charge that causes the toner

to stick to the drum. As the drum rotates and presses on paper, toner is

transferred from the drum to paper, creating images.

Cost Price of Laser Printer Available in Local Market

HP LaserJet P2055D Printer Rs.28, 300

HP Office jet J3608 Fax/Phone/Printer/Copier/Scanner Printer Rs.8, 900

HP LaserJet 5200L A3 Size Printer Rs.10, 500

HP Color LaserJet CM1415fn MFP Printer/Copier/Scanner/Fax Rs.52, 500

HP Bluetooth Card for DJ 460cb Printer Rs.7, 200

HP Office jet 4500 Printer/Fax/Copier/Scanner Printer Rs.10, 000

HP LaserJet 5200N A3 Size Printer Rs.64, 000

HP Color LaserJet CM2320n MFP Printer/ Copier/ Scanner Rs.88, 000

Epson Inkjet Printer Stylus Color 680 Rs.7, 000

Epson Inkjet Printer Stylus Color 880 Rs.12, 800

Epson Stylus Photo 750 Inkjet Printer Rs.12, 500

Epson Stylus Photo 870 Inkjet Printer Rs.14, 000

Samsung Multi Function SCX-4600 Rs.16, 000

Samsung ML-3471ND Rs.29, 500

Samsung ML-3310ND Rs.19, 500

Samsung ML-2165 Rs.4, 990

My Desirable Printer:

Right now I’ am not using any printer but I will purchase HP Color LaserJet

CM1415fn MFP, INSHAALLAH, which will facilitate me as a Printer, Copier,

Scanner and Fax Machine.

Comparing Advantages of All Printers:

Laser Inkjet Dot Matrix

High resolution Low cost Can print on multi-part forms or carbon copies

High print speed High quality of output, capable of printing fine and smooth details

Low printing cost per page

No smearing Capable of printing in vivid color, good for printing pictures

Can be used on continuous form paper, useful for data logging

Low cost per page (compared to inkjet printers)

Easy to use Reliable, durable

Printout is not sensitive to water

Reasonably fast

Good for high volume printing

Quieter than dot matrix printerNo warm up time

Comparing Disadvantages of All Printers:

Laser Inkjet Dot Matrix

More expensive than inkjet printers

Print head is less durable, prone to clogging and damage

Noisy

Except for high end machines, laser printers are less capable of printing vivid colors and high quality images such as photos

Expensive replacement ink cartridges

Limited print quality

The cost of toner

replacement and drum

Not good for high volume printing

Low printing speed

replacement is high

Answer No. 2:

RAM:

First, we will talk about what is RAM? RAM is a type of memory in computers and

stands for Random Access Memory. The function of this memory is to keep the

running programming code while the computer is powered on. Addresses specify

the location of the different memory cells and are used in the stack to jump back

and forth between different program codes.

Will a Computer Function Without RAM ?

A computer uses RAM (Random Access Memory) to function. RAM also

determines the speed of computer the more RAM the faster he computer. If you

run out of RAM, your computer can start running very slow, give you error

messages or even stop responding all together. Once you run out of physical

memory, your computer will attempt to swap things out of the RAM and into

virtual memory. If the page file grows to its maximum allowed size, you will likely

start getting out of memory errors. If you do not close programs and release

some memory, you may experience some lock ups and need to reboot.

Limit of RAM:

In electronic digital computers, there are different limitations on the usable

memory addresses space. Even if a microprocessor supports, for example, 32-bit

addressing, the integrated circuit package may only allow external access to a

lower number of address bits, restricting the memory that can be installed. In

modern personal computers, some limits are due to the design of processor,

others due to the design of chipsets, BIOS and other hardware and related

electrical limitations. Operating system and application software on a hardware

platform may not have the capacity to use the full address space physically

available.

Cache memory:

Cache memory is just the same as RAM only it is much faster than RAM. This is

why there usually is not much cache because since it is faster, it is far pricier

than standard RAM. Your cache is like golden RAM and used to store things that

are going to be accessed more than once, or need to be accessed quickly. Just

like RAM, once the program is done or once you turn your computer off, it is a

clean slate and ready to be used again.

Cache memory is sometimes described in levels of closeness and accessibility to

the microprocessor. An L1cache is on the same chip as the microprocessor. (For

example, the PowerPC601 processor has a 32-kilobyte level-1 cache built into its

chip). L2is usually a separate static RAM (SRAM) chip. The main RAM is usually a

dynamic RAM (DRAM) chip.

In addition to cache memory, one can think of RAM itself as a cache of memory

for hard disk storage since all of RAM's contents come from the hard disk initially

when you turn your computer on and load the operating system (you are loading

it into RAM) and later as you start new applications and access new data. RAM

can also contain a special area called a disk cache that contains the data most

recently read in from the hard disk.

Ram Available At Retailers:Kingston DDR3 8GB PC1600 Rs.8, 939

Kingston DDR3 4GB PC1600 Rs.4, 999









Answer No. 3:

Software Specialized Organizations:

In the last 15 years Software development improved too much. In these days, too

many organizations are providing customized software applications to their

clients. These organizations are experts in rapid custom development of web

based, distributed and standalone applications designed to meet organization's

specific requirements and business needs. They follow proven practices that

allow for successful project completion, and deliver solutions that exceed

customer expectations. They have experience with working with broad range of

customers, from individuals to different government, semi government, private,

non-government organizations (NGOs) and educational institutes and some of

international largest companies.

Network Architects are the one of the best organization that are specialize in the

development of custom software applications. This company carries out custom

programming, database design, client server and internet/intranet software

application development.

We have managed to build a solid team of software development professionals

that come from related backgrounds and expand the creative potential of the

company. The expertise that they posses embraces a wide range of custom

programming skills involving the latest and most effective development

technologies. This largely defines the quality and reliability of the custom

software applications that we develop.

However, in lots of cases pre-developed platforms professional customization is

enough for a solution, there are often situations when this way is not suitable or

even inapplicable. Promotion delivers cost-effective and reliable custom software

solutions that match client’s unique goals, requirements and processes.

Technology Migration:

They can help you, if you are thinking to change you existing technology to open

source technologies. You might want your application on internet instead of

desktop application.

Web Based Application:

Every organization develops feature-rich custom web applications, sites and

portals for corporate and internet-focused projects: E-commerce, Online

Servicing and Order Processing and much more.

Desktop Application Development:

Organization creates cross platform standalone and client-server business

applications ensuring stable functioning, high performance and usability.

Mobile Application Development:

Each organization helps extending your sales, customer service and marketing

efforts to the most popular mobile platforms. Enable you to connect your

customers and employees to corporate systems, create a mobile software

product or a client application including premium rate SMS to your own or third-

party information service.

Technology Being Used by Software Developer

Organizations:

Mostly these organization uses following computer and IT related technologies.

Database Server: Oracle Database 10g/11g, My SQL, MSSQL Server, DB2,

Postage SQL

Web Server: Oracle Application Server, Apache, Tomcat, JBoss, IIS.

Middle Tier: OC4j, Oracle Forms Server, Oracle Report Server, J2EE, MODPL/SQL,

MOD PERL, .NET, PHP Tomcat, JBoss, Web Logic.

Framework: Oracle PSP/PL/SQL Gateway, ADF for Oracle-Java Technology, JSF,

Struts, Hibernate, Spring .NET, LINQ, WF, WPF, WCF, CakePHP, Code igniter,

Zend, Web Front End Framework (AJAX, JQery, DOJO, Prototype) etc.

Answer No. 4:

Microcomputers:

Definition of Microcomputer:

First, we will define that what is a microcomputer? Microcomputer is a small,

relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing

unit. It includes a microprocessor, memory, and input/output facilities.

Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 80s with the advent of

increasingly powerful microprocessors. The predecessors to these computers,

mainframes and minicomputers, were comparatively much larger and more

expensive (though indeed present day mainframes such as the IBM System z

machines use one or more custom microprocessors as their CPUs. Many

microcomputers (when equipped with a keyboard and screen for input and

output) are also personal computers.

The abbreviation micro was common during the 1970s and 1980s, but has now

fallen out of common usage. An early use of the term personal computer in 1962

predates microprocessor-based designs. A microcomputer used as an embedded

control system may have no human readable input and output devices. Personal

computer may be used generically or may denote an IBM PC compatible

machine.

Microcomputers Today and Tomorrow:

Soon after the integrated circuit was developed, just two decades ago, it became

apparent that very complex circuits would be possible. In some cases, a major

portion of a computer, called a module, could be constructed as a single circuit.

In fact, this made it possible to build a large system by breaking it up into a

number of different kinds of modules, each of which could be a circuit.

The integrated circuit business was changing every year it became possible to

make more and more complicated circuits. So it became desirable to make

modules that are more complicated.

The problem was that an increase in the complexity of a module meant a

decrease in its versatility, so that eventually a computer or other piece of

equipment would have no more than one of each type of module. The economics

of the integrated circuit business made this undesirable. High volume was the

goal, but a different type of module for each type of system being built meant

that no more than a few hundred or a few thousand of any one type of module

would be made.

Programming of Microprocessors:

The microprocessor represented a solution to this problem. It was a new type of

module that was very versatile. With some very simple programming techniques,

this module appears to be many different kinds of modules. In other words, it

could be customized by programming.

Microprocessors, or microcomputers, are just miniature computers. In general,

they can be used for most of the applications for which larger computers are

used. The earliest microprocessor was very poor in performance, and there were

many things it could not do. Over the years, performance has been improved so

that microprocessors now rival machines that in some cases cost a thousand

times more.

The history of personal computers can be traced through the progress of the

microprocessors available as their brains. Each microchip manufacturer has

brought out improved progeny within families of processors, retaining similar

instruction sets for upward mobility. Though each successive design may not be

a quantum leap forward, there is a steady movement toward faster and more

powerful handling of more bits of technology.

Era of Continuous Improvement in Microcomputers:

In the case of the computer industry smaller is really better. Every person

intends to have a smallest microcomputer. This will be easy to move anywhere

he wish to go he can carry with himself. Therefore, it is very difficult to end the

smallest size of smallest microcomputer.

References:

Articles:

Lincoln Specter, PC World, June 2013 Edition.

Computer Shops, Brittan Biggest Technology Magazine, July 2013 Edition.

Tom Morgan, Laptop and Computer hardware/software expert.

All Printers available in one floor, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012-13 Editions.

"Web Application Security", Doc Forge, 22 February 2010 Edition.

Websites: www.findpcworld.com.pk www.printerland.co.uk www.printerbase.co.uk www.hp.com www.shoponline.com www.microcomputer.com

http://www.microcomputer.com/

http://www.shoponline.com/

http://www.printerbase.co.uk/

http://www.printerland.co.uk/

Internet

Assignment no. 1