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- Samiullah Auti M-Pharm in Pharmacology
DefinationClassificationSide effectsReferences
Antibiotics are the chemical substances produced by a micro organisms which has the capacity to inhibit the growth or kill the other micro organism.
Identification of organism
Safety of the drugSite of infection
Patients medical history
Usually identified through gram stain or culture
Some drugs cross Blood brain barrier whereas others do not
Allergies,immune status,renal and hepatic conditions,pregnancy and lactation status
Beta lactamsCarbapenemsMacrolidesLincosamidesAminoglycosidesFluoroquinolonesCephalosporins
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Penicillins,Cycloserine,Cephalosporins,Vancomycin
Protien synthesis inhibitors
Chloramphenicol,Clindamycin,Erythromycin,Aminoglycosides
DNA synthesis inhibitors
Qninolones,Flouroquinolones,rifampin
Cell memebrane disrupter Polyene antimicrobials like
Amphotericicn B
Organisms PENICILLINS
Gram -PositiveStrep,Group A,B,C,GStrep PneumoniaStaph.aureus(MSSA)L.monocytogenes
Penicillin G Penicillin V + + + + 0 0 + 0
Colaxcillin + + + 0
Amox +Clav + + + +
Pipercillin + + 0 +
Gram-NegativeN.MeningitidisH.InfluenzaProteus mirabilisProteus vulgaris
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
+ + + +
0 0 + +
AnaerobesActinomycesBacteroides Fragilis
+ - o -
o o
+ +
+ +
Organisms
AMINO GLYCOSIDES
Gram-positiveStaph.aureus(MSSA)Strep.Pneumonia
Gentamicin + 0
Amikacin + 0
Tobramycin + 0
Gram-NegativeM.CatarrhalisH.InfluenzaE.ColiKlebsiella spProteus VulgarisPs.aeruginosa
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
Organisms FLOUROQUINOLONES
Gram-positiveStrep.group,A,B Strep.pneumoniaStaph.aureus(MSSA
Staph.epidermisL.monocytogenes
Ciprofloxacin - - + + +
Ofloxacin - - + + -
Lomefloxacin 0 0 + + -
Levofloxacin + + + + -
Sparfloxacin + + + + -
Gram-negativeN.GonnorhoeaeN.MeningitidisH.InfluenzaE.ColiKlebsiella sp.Enterobacter spSalmonella sp.
++++++ +
+++++++
+++++++
+++++++
+++++++
Organism CEPHALOSPORINSGram-positive
Strep.group,A,B,C Strep.pneumoniaStaph.aureus(MSSA)
Viridans streptococcus
1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation
Cephalexin + + + +
Cefuroxime + + + +
Cefotaxime + + + +
Gram-negativeM.CattarhalisH.InfluenzaE.ColiKlebsiella sp.Protes mirabilis
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
ANTIBIOTICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
PENICILLINS Hypersensitivity reaction, Seizures, Diarrhea, Hemolytic anemia
CEPHALOSPORINS Nephrotoxicity,Bronchospasm,Uriticaria,Hypothrombinemia
AMINOGLYCOSIDES Ototoxicity,Nephrotoxicity,Neuromascular paralysis,Contact dermatitis.
MACROLIDES Epigastric distress,,Cholestatic jaundice,Ototoxicity.
TETRACYCLINES Hypoplasia of teeth,Hepatotoxicity,Phtosensitivity,Vestibular reactions,Nausea and Vomitting.
CHLORAMPHENICOL
Bone marrow suppression,Aplastic anaemia,Gray baby syndrome.
CEFTAROLINE fosamil(Teflaro)Teflaro)oIts an advanced generation cephalosporin antibiotic active against methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and Gram positive bacteria.It retains the activity of later generation cephalosporins having broad spectrum activity against Gram-ve bacteria.Its currently being investigated for community acquired pneumonia and complicated skin and skin structure infections.
Ceftaroline is developed by Forest laboratories,USA and received approval on October 29-2010.
FIDAXOMICIN (Dificid)Its the first in a new class of narrow spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic.Its an fermentation product obtained from the actinomycete dactylosporangium aurantiacum subspeices.Its an non-systemic , bactericidal and has demonstarted selective eradication of pathogenic “Clostridium difficile “with minimal disruption to multi speices of bacteria that’s make up the normal healthy Intestinal flora.
FIDAXOMICIN is approved by by US FDA on April 10,2011 and is marketed by Optimer Pharmaceuticals by trade name Dificid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection.
Mechanism of actionIt works by inhibiting the bacterial enzyme RNA polymerase resulting the death of Clostridium difficile .
1.Lippincott’s illustrated reveiws,Pharmacology 4th edition, by Richard A.harvey:Pamela C.Champe, published by Wolters Kluwer-2009
.Adis R& D Profiles Fidoximicin OPT 80-:PAR 101(http;//adisoline.com/drugslfulltext/2010/10010/Fidaxomicin_lipiarmycin_OPT_80_.5 Drugs in R & D(open acess):28th May2010-volume 10-issue1-pp 37-45.
.R corey:WilcoxM,talbot GH,et al..CANVAS-1:R andomised , double- blinded, phase 3 study(P903- 06) of the efficacy and safety of Ceftaroline vs vancomycin plus aztreonam complicated skin and skin structure infections;2008,Interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy/Infections diseases society of America conference.