WATER SUPPLY&

SANITATION

WHAT IS SPHERE…. . .? Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response Initiated by a Group of NGOs & ICRC/RC in 1997

“The aim of the Handbook is to improve the quality of humanitarian response

in situations of disaster and conflict, and to enhance

the accountability of the humanitarian system to disaster-affected people”

CORE BELIEFS

those affected by disaster or conflict have a right to life with dignity and, therefore, a right to assistance;

all possible steps should be taken to alleviate human suffering arising out of disaster.

MINIMUM STANDARDS

1. Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion

2. Food Security and Nutrition

3. Shelter, Settlement and non-Food Items

4. Health Action

WATER SUPPLY

Water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion (WASH)

Hygiene Promotion Water Supply Excreta Disposal Vector Control Solid Waste Management Drainage

1 - Access and water quantity

2 – Water quality

3 – Water facilities

People have safe and equitable access to a sufficient quantity of water for drinking, cooking and personal and domestic hygiene

Water is palatable and of sufficient quality to be drunk and used for cooking and personal and domestic hygiene.

People have adequate facilities to collect, store and use sufficient quantities of water for dinking, cooking & personal hygiene.

WATER SUPPLYMINIMUM STANDARDS

Standard 1: Access and Water Quantity

Water source selectionavailability, proximity, sustainability of sufficient quantity water, treatment, other factors* non-conventional water sources: desalination, reuse of wastewaters

Needs Measurements (according to data collected from the community) Quantity / coverage (priority to equitable access to adequate quantity of water) Maximum number of people per water source Queuing time (indicator of insufficient water availability) Access and equity (water points in good and protected positions)

Standard 1: Access and Water Quantity

Survival needs, water intake: 2,5 – 3 liters per dayDepends on the climate and individual physiology Basic hygiene practices: 2 – 6 liters per dayDepends on social and cultural norms Basic cooking needs: 3 – 6 liters per dayDepends on food type and social and cultural norms

Total of 7,5 – 15 liters of watr per person per day

Needs

Standard 1: Access and Water Quantity

250 people per tapBased on a flow of 7,5 liters/minute

500 people per hand pumpBased on a flow of 17 liters/minute

400 people per single-user open wellBased on a flow of 12,5 liters/minute

Maximum number

Standard 2: Water Quality

Sanitary survey and water safety plan (WHO recommends the use of WSP)

Microbiological water quality (Faecal coliform bacteria >99 % of E. coli) Promotion of protected sources Post-delivery contamination Water disinfection (chlorine residual of 0.5mg/l and turbidity is below 5

NTU) Household-level water treatment (Different types of PoUWT to reduce

diarrhea and improve the microbiological quality) Chemical & radiological contamination (needs a chemical analysis) Water quality for health centers 5 liters per outpatient & 40-60 liters per

inpatient

Standard 3: Water facilities

Water collection and storage 2 clean water containers of 10-20 liters per household, special container

for sick people

Communal washing and bathing facilities 1 washing basin per 100 people private laundering and bathing areas for women

Maintenance of water system

1 – Environment free from human faeces

2 – Appropriate and adequate toilet facilities

The living environment in general and specifically the habitat, food production areas, public centers and surroundings of drinking water sources are free from human faecal contamination

Appropriate and adequate toilet facilities

SANITATIONMINIMUM STANDARDS

Standard 1: Environment free from human faeces

Safe excreta disposal Disposal management plan and trainings if necessary

Defecation areas Well marked and contained

Distance of defection system from water sources Minimum 30 meters distance and 1,5 meter above the ground table

Containment of children’s faeces This can be more dangerous since they don’t have all the antibodies to infections Availability and training for nappies / diapers, potties /scoops

Standard 2: Appropriate and adequate toilet facilities

Acceptable facilities Depending of the people’s needs: children, elders, people with disabilities & culture and habits Demarcation areas – 1-3 days Trench latrines – 2 months Long term use

Simple / ventilated pit latrines VIP Ecological sanitation Ecosan Septic tanks

Standard 2: Appropriate and adequate toilet facilities

Public toilets (regular cleaning & maintenance) Family toilets (ideal 1 toilet for 20 people) Shared facilities (regular cleaning & maintenance Safe facilities ( attention to women and girls, night time) Use of local building materials and tools (participation enhancement) Water and anal cleansing material (attention to hygienic seal

mechanisms) Hand washing (soap or alternative) Menstruation Desludging (needs to be considered from the start) Toilets in difficult environments (containment mechanisms)