Introduction:• Cancer biomarkers are molecules or

substances measurable in cel ls , tissues,

or body fluids that indicate presence or

predict the risk of cancer development.

• Cancer biomarkers are proteins in serum

or plasma.

• Recent advances al lowed discovery of

novel HCC biomarkers, including DNA-fusion

genes, genetic mutations , epigenetic

changes, messenger RNA, (miRNAs), other

species, proteins& posttranslational

protein modifications (eg, phosphorylation),

metabol ites, & antibodies.

• These may be detectable in whole blood,

white blood cel ls , serum, plasma, urine,

normal tissue (eg, buccal mucosa), tumor

tissue, or adjacent benign l iver tissue.

Introduction:• The serum a -fetoprotein (AFP) has been

the most commonly used HCC biomarker,

functioning as a risk assessment tool in

patients with cirrhosis, as a screening

tool for early HCC detection, as a

diagnostic tool&as a prognostic tool for

tumor recurrence or patient survival .

• More recently, the scope of appl ications

for HCC biomarkers has expanded beyond

diagnostic and survei l lance/ screening

purposes.

• HCC biomarkers can be used to identify

at-risk populations, stratify patients for

cl in ical trials, tai lor therapy,&predict

treatment response.