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WHAT IS NURSING INFORMATICS?
It is the use of computer technology to support nursing
including clinical practice, education, administration and
research( Hebda, 1998)
It is also the development and evaluation of applications, tools and processes and structures which assist
nurses with the management of data in taking care of patients or supporting practice of nursing. (American Nurses
Association, 1994)
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF COMPUTERS AND NURSING
Prior to 1960’s is the use of
punchcards and teletypewritter
s.
In 1960's, use of computers in healthcare is
questioned, but studies on
computers in nursing is
started. The introduction of
cathode ray tubes and
development of hospital
information system for financial
transactions started.
In 1970's, nurses assisted in the design of HIS. Computers
are used in financial and management functions, and
several communities
developed management
information system.
In 1980's, nur
sing Informatics is formally accepted as
new nursing
specialty.
• In 1990's, computer technology became an integral part of the healthcare setting.
• And in the year 2000, Clinical Information System became individualized in the electronic patient record, mobile computing device were introduced, new technologies were utilized, internet provided new means of development and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 was enacted.
Computers can perform a wide range of activities that save time and help nurses provide quality nursing care. It involves:
Nursing practiceNursing educationNursing managementNursing research
ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD
It is an electronic record composed of health information regarding an individual
patient that exists as part of a complete system designed to provide access to, and
management of, such information
The Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) is the healthcare
industry's membership organization exclusively focused on providing global
leadership for the optimal use of healthcare information technology (IT) and management
systems for the betterment of healthcare
COMPUTER SYSTEM
A system of interconnected computers that share a central storage system and various peripheral devices such as
a printers, scanners, or routers.
Input and output devices
storage devices
Central processing unit
First Generation Computers- Used vacuum tubes as a design. Those
computer ran hot and thus required a great cooling. Vacuum tubes got hot easily, and when they get hot, they
failed regularly. First generation computers were physically huge , but
their power was much less than that of the average desktop computer of the
1900’s.
Second Generation Computers - They use transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
This meant less heat, improved reliability, and much greater
speeds. Second generation CPU access speeds were measured in millionths rather than thousandths of a second (microseconds). They still quite large, but transistors were smaller and more durable than vacuum tubes. They also allowed for the development of much
more powerful computers.
The Third generation computers were introduced- In this
generation, they used microminiature, solid state
components. Third generation CPU access speeds were measured in
billionths of a seconds (nanoseconds)
CLASSESS OF COMPUTER
Analog computer- operates on continuous physical or
electrical magnitudes, measuring, ongoing continuous analog
quantities such as voltage , current, temperature and
pressure.
Digital computer- operates on discrete discontinuous
numerical digits using the binary numbering system.
It represents data using discrete values for all
data.
Hybrid Computers- As its name implies, contains
features of both the analog and the digital computer. It is used for specific applications,
such as complex signal processing and other engineering-oriented
applications.
Supercomputers- This is a
computational-oriented
computer specially
designed for scientific
applications requiring gigantic
amount of calculations.
Mainframes- This is the
fastest, largest, and most
expensive type of computer
used for processing, storing and
retrieving data the computing
needs.
Handheld Computers-
have smaller size than
standard desktop microcomputers,
some have claimed to have almost the same
function and processing
capabilities as the standard
desktop microcomputer.
TYPES OF COMPUTER
Computer Hardware Fundamentals
Central processing unit- brain of the computer
Motherboard- main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other expandable systems. It holds many of the crucial electronic
components of the system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals.
Storage devices
Primary Memory
read only memory- is permanent; it remains when power is off. Example: start
up instructions for computer is an example
Random access memory-is a temporary storage area for program instructions and data that is being processed. It is only active when computer is on
Input devices- used to enter data. Example: trackball, joystick, mouse, keyboard, modems, stylus, touchscreen, light pen, microphone, scanner and bar code
reader.
Output devices- used to visualize and hear processed data. Example: video monitor screens, speakers, fax and printers
NETWORK
Types of Networks• Local Area Networks (LAN) - networks
within a area, location or business. The University connects all its computers on a
LAN. • Wide Area Networks (WAN) - several
LAN connected together
This allows the sharing of computer and software resources, through the use of the network. For example, several computers
may share one computer, or a word processing program could also be accessed by many different users.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND SYSTEM
Computer software or simply software is any set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations. Software is stored in computer
memory and is intangible.
Types of software
Application software- which
uses the computer system to perform special functions or provide entertainm
ent functions beyond
the basic operation of the computer
itself.
System software-which is designed to directly operate
the computer hardware, to provide basic functionality
needed by users and other software.
Malicious software or malware, which are computer programs developed to harm and disrupt computers. Malware is closely associated
with computer-related crimes, though some
malicious programs may have been
designed as practical jokes.
FREE SOFTWARE
- Is a matter of the users’ freedom to run copy, distribute, study, change, and
improve the software in any way they wish. A program is only free software if
users have all of these freedoms. Example are Amazon, Yahoo and Google .
OPEN SOURCE AND FREE SOFTWARE
O
PE
N
SO
UR
E
SO
FT
WA
RE
OSS is any software that satisfies the open
software initiative’s definition. The open
source concept is said to promote
software reliability and quality by
supporting independent peer review and
rapid evolution of source code, as well as
making the source code of software freely
available.
2. Free Redistribution The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving
away the software as a component of an aggregate software
distribution containing programs from several different sources. The license shall not require a royalty
or other fee for such sale.
1. Source Code The program must include source
code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form. Where
some form of a product is not distributed with source code, there must be a well-
publicized means of obtaining the source code for no more than a reasonable
reproduction cost preferably, downloading via the Internet without charge.
The Open Source
3. Derived Works The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.
4. Integrity of Author’s source code The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code.
6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor
- The license must not restrict anyone from making use of
the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not
restrict the program from being used in a business, or from being used for
genetic research.
5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups - The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.
7. Distribution of License - The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those
8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product - The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a particular software distribution. If the program is extracted from that distribution and used or distributed within the terms of the program's license, all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the original software distribution.
DATA PROCESSING
Manipulation of data by a computer. It includes the conversion of raw data to machine-readable form, flow of data through the CPU and memory to output devices, and formatting or transformation of output. Any use of computers to perform defined operations on data can be included under data processing. In the commercial world, data processing refers to the processing of data required to run organizations and businesses.
When data are interpreted, information is produced. While data are meaningless, information by definition is meaningful. For data to be interpreted and information produced, the data must be processed.
The raw, uninterrupted fact that are without meaning.
The quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer.
Data
DATABASE
PHONEBOOK PATIENT’S MEDICAL RECORD
It is an organized collection of related data.
Example
Example
Information system
-are used to process data and produce information.
-it is often used to refer to computer systems, but this is only one type of
information system. There are manual information systems as well
as human information system.
TYPES OF DATA
Computer-based data types
- This classification is used to build the physical database within the computer system. It identifies the number of spaces needed to capture each data element and
specific function that can perform on these data
Computer-based data types
Alphanumeric data – include letters and numbers in any combination.
Social security number – is an example of alphanumeric data made up of numbers.
Memo - is a specific type of alphanumeric data with increased spaces and decreased indexing option.
Numeric data – are used to perform numeric functions including adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing. It can be long integer, currency or scientific
Date and time-are special types of numeric data with which certain numeric functions are appropriate.
Logic Data- Are data limited to two options. Ex: yes or no; true or false
Conceptual data types
- reflect how users view the data. These can be based on
the source of the data. Example: the lab produces
lab data, and the x-ray department produces image
data.
- It can also be based on the event that the data are attempting to capture. Examples of data that reflect event capturing:
Assessment data Intervention and outcomes data
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMSs)
- are computer programs used to input,
store, modify, process and access data in a
database. Before the DBMS can be used, the
DBM software must first be configured to
manage the data specific to the project. This
process of configuring the database software is
called DATABASE SYSTEM DESIGN.
A functioning DBMS consists of three (3) interacting parts:
SOME EXAMPLES OF DBMS:
1. The data2. The DBMS configured software program3. The query language used to access the data.
•Computerized library systems•Automated teller machines•Flight reservation systems
FOUR (4) PRIMARY APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENTR OF A PHYSICAL DATA MODEL:
HIERARCHICAL
NETWORK
MODEL
RELATIONAL DATABASE MODELS
OBJECT-
ORIENTED
MODEL
1. INITIATION
2. PLANNING AND ANALYSIS
3.DETAILED SYSTEM DESIGN
4.IMPLEMENTATION
5.EVALUATION AND
MAINTENANCE
3 BASIC TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING OPERATIONS:
1. Data Input Operations
2. Data Processin
g Processes
3. Data Output
Operations
DATA WAREHOUSE is a large collection of data imported from several different systems within one data base. Functions includes: extracting data from
the various computer systems, function as a database able to store and process all of the data and deliver the data in the warehouse back to the
users in the form of information.
1.Understanding
the business
2.Understanding the data
3.Data preparat
ion
4.Modeling
5.Evaluation
6.deployment
-is an international cross industry model it is now being applied to data mining within healthcare.
CRISP-DM MODEL
6 PHASES OF DATA MINING PROCESSES DESCRIBED BY CRISP-DM MODEL:
THE INTERNET: A NURSING RESOURCE
INTERNET
- describes as a network of computer network
- provides the ability for computes attached in some way to one of wires or cables on the system to send and information from computer networks regardless of the location.
TYPES OF PROTOCOLSInternet Protocol (IP)
Hypertext transmission protocol (HTTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
THE WORLD WIDE WEB
An information system on the Internet that allows documents
to be connected to other documents by hypertext links, enabling the user to search for
information by moving from one document to another. Invented
by Tim Berners lee
- Has special software that
allows receiving,
interpreting, and sending to
the client computer the request file.
- Web’s use of HTTP enables
the transmitting
and interpretation of all types of
files.
- hypertext is a system which
permits objects to be
linked to another.
FUNCTIONS OF WWW
CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF HEALTH INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET
Informations should be credible
It must contain accurate content
It must illustrate
willingness for disclosure
It must have reliable linkages
PDA and WIRELESS DEVICES
PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)-weighing in at 8 oz. or less, it is a small enough to fit in a shirt
pocket. It comes with a miniature keyboard and a stylus for data entry. It has many
characteristics in common with the Smartphone
A wireless device can refer to any kind of communications
equipment that does not require a physical wire for relaying
information to another device.
Example: wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi )governs how local
area networks (LANs) connect wirelessly
Example of PDA’s that helps nurses in their practice
1.) Address book 2.) Calculator 3.) Date book 4.) Memo pad
5.) Notepad 6.) to do list
Some of PDA applications
Epocrateas Rx
MobileMicromedex
Lexi-Complete
Medical calculator
The JohnsHopkins Antibiotic Guide
Infectious Disease Notes
INCORPORATING EVIDENCE: USE of COMPUTER-BASED CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR HEALTH
PROFESSIONALS
Decision support systems (DSS) are automated tools
designed to support healthcare providers in making decisions about the delivery of patients
care.The primary goal of CDSS is the
optimization of both the efficiency and effectiveness with which clinical decisions
are made and care is delivered.
Nursing decision support systems(NDSS) are tools that help
nurses improve their effectiveness, determine areas in
need of policy or protocol development.
THREE MAIN PURPOSES OF A DSS ARE TO:
Assist in problemsolving
with semistructured problems
Support, not replace,
the judgement of a manager or
clinician
Improve the effectiveness of
the decision-making process