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BALANCED DIET-DEFICIENCY DISORDERS,

PREVENTION&TREATMENT

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A diet which contains different types of food possesing the nutrients- Carbohydrate,protein,fats,vitamins,minerals and water –in a proportion to meet the requirement of the body.

Definition

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Balanced diet achieved by eating variety of food.

There is no single food with correct amount of all essential nutrients.

Eating a balanced diet requires a certain amount of knowledge and planning.

Introduction

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• The basic composition of balanced diet is highly variable as it differs from country to country depending on the availability of food.

• Social &cultural habits, economic status, age,sex &physical activity of the individual largely influence the in take of diet

Contd……

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• Nutrion Expert Group from ICMR has recommended the composition of balanced diet for Indian.

• They recommended cereals(rice,wheat,jowar) pulses,vegetables, roots & tubers, fruits,milk&milk products,fats &oils ,sugar & ground nuts.

• Additional intake of Meats,fish&egg for non vegetarian.for vegetarian milk &pulses.

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body’s organs and tissues need proper nutrition to work effectively.

Without good nutrition, body is more prone to disease, infection, fatigue, and poor performance.

Children with a poor diet run the risk of growth and developmental problems. Bad eating habits can continue for the rest of their lives.

Why a Balanced Diet Is Important

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The USDA reports that four of the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States are directly influenced by diet. These are:

heart diseasecancerstrokediabetes

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Balanced diet for an adult indian

Veg(g) Non veg(g)cereals 475 475pulses 80 65Green leafy vegetables 125 25Other vegetables 75 75Root&tubers 100 100fruits 30 30milk 200 100Fat&oils 40 40Meat&fish - 30eggs - 30

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A food pyramid is a pyramid – shaped diagram representing the optimal number of servings to be eaten each day from each of the basic food groups.

FOOD PYRAMID

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CarbohydrateProtein

FatVitaminMineralwater

6 nutrients in balanced diet.

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RDA:400gFunction1) It is chief source of energy(60-70% total

energy).2) brain and other parts of CNS are depend

glucose for energy.3) Required for the oxidation of fat.4) Synthesis of pentose's for

DNA,RNA,NAD+,FAD synthesis

CARBOHYDRATE

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Sources of carbohydrate

cereals

breadRoots &tubers

pulses

Table sugar

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AcidosisKetosisHypoglycemiaFatigue & decreased energy levelsUnhealthy weight lossLoss of sodium

Deficiency disorder

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RDA:56gFUNCTIONThese are the fundamental basis of cell

structure & function.Maintains osmotic pressure & have role in

clotting of blood,muscle contraction .All the enzymes,several

hormones,immunoglobulins are proteins.Used as energy sources.

PROTEIN

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pulses

Leafy vegitables meat

eggcereals

milk

Source of protein

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• Protein calorie malnutrition 1.kwashiorker 2.marasmus. 3.marasmic-kwashiorker 4.nutrional dwarfing 5.under weight child

Deficiency disorder

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Severe protein calorie malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency and emaciation

Causes stunted growth and wasting of muscles and tissue

Develop between the age of 6 months & 1 years in children who weaned from breast feeding/who suffer from weakening conditions like chronic diarrhea.

MARASMUS

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Severe growth retardation. Loss of subcutaneous fat. Severe muscle wasting. Child looks thin and limbs Wrinkled skin. Bony prominence. Frequent watery diarrhea & acid stools. Temperature is abnormal. Edema absent.

Symptoms

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Also called wet-protein energy malnutrition.

Form of PEM characterized by protein deficiency.

Refers to an insufficient protein consumption but with sufficient calorie intake.

Usually appear in the age of 12 months when breast feeding is discontinued.

KWASHIORKOR

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Change in skin pigment. Diarrhea. Decreased muscle mass. Swelling(edema). Fatigue. Hair changes Lethargy. Increased & more severe infection due to

damaged immune system. Failure to gain weight & grow.

Symptoms

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Treatment strategy divided into 3 stages:

Resolving life threatening conditions. - Hospital

management Resolving nutritional status. -Dietary management

Ensuring nutritional rehabilitation

Treatment

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1. Hospital Management: These conditions should be corrected –

hypothermia, hypoglycemia, infections, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, anemia & other vitamin & mineral deficiency.

2. Dietary Management: Diet from staple foods– inexpensive, easily

digestible, evenly distributed & increased number of feedings.

3. Rehabilitation: Nutritional training for mothers- feeding

their children back to health & use local food.

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Promotion of breast feeding.

Development of low cost weaning.

Nutritional education.

Family planning.

Immunization.

Early diagnosis & treatment.

Prevention

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• The complex carbohydrate are not digested by the human enzymes are collectively refers to as dietary fibers

• soluble fiber-mostly found in fruits & legumes

insoluble fiber- vegetables &grains

FIBER

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• Prevent constipation• Eleminate bacterial toxin• Decrease G.I.T cancers• Improve glucose tolerence• Reduce plasma cholestrol

function

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Digestion &absorption of proteinIntestinal absorption of minerals(Ca,P,Mg)Flatulence and discomfert

Adverse effects of Fiber

Drinking plenty of water reduces the adverse

effects

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fruits

Leafy vegitables

Wheat&legmes

Rice bran

Sources of fiber

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• Constipation• High blood pressure• Diabetes• Cardiovascular diseases• Obesity• Cancer

Deficiency disorders

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RDA:70gFUNCTION• It provide 15-50% total energy.• concentrated fuel sorce of body.• Constituents of membrane structure&

regulate membrane permeability.• Source of fat soluble vitamins.• As cellular metabolic regulators.• As insulating material protect internal organs.

FAT

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Sources of fat

butter

egg

Red meat

cream

cheese

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Chemical compounds required in very small quantities which are essential for normal and health metabolism.

According to the solubility

1. water soluble 2. fat soluble

VITAMINS

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VITAMINS Fat-soluble Watersoluble Vitamin A Non B- Complex B-Complex Vitamin D Vitamin C Thiamine (B1) Vitamin E Riboflavin(B2) Vitamin K Niacin (B3) Pantothenic acid(B5) Pyridoxine(B6) Biotin(B7) Folic acid (B9) Vitamin B12

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Minerals are inorganic substances needed in small amounts by all cells for normal functioning

MINERAL

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CALCIUMfunction

• Constituents of bone&teeth• Muscle contraction• Nerve transmission

Deficiency:Rickets,OsteomalaciaRDA(0.8-1g/d)

Sources(Milk,&products,Leafy vegetables)

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FunctionAcid-base balanceOsmotic pressure

nerve & muscle functionDeficiency

HyponatremiaRDA(5-10g/d)

SourceTable salt

SODIUM

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FUNCTIONAcid-base balanceOsmotic pressureMuscle function Deficiency

Muscular weaknessMental confusion

RDA(3-4g/d) sources:fruits,nuts,vegetables

POTASSIUM

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Function• Constituent of heme.

• Involved in O2 transport & biological oxidationDeficiency

Hypochromic &micro cystic anemiaRDA(10-15mg/d)

SourcesOrgan meats(liver,heart)

Leafy vegetables,

IRON

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Function Constituent of thyroxine&tri iodo thyronine

DeficiencyCritinisum

GoiterMyxedema

RDA(150-200µg) SourcesIodised salt

Sea food

IODINE

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Patients with IDD most commonly present with goiter.

patients may complaints of compressive symptoms, such as

hoarseness, shortness of breath, cough, dysphagia.

Goiter

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Cretinism is the most extreme manifestation of IDD.

Cretinism can be divided into neurologic and myxedematous subtypes.

Both conditions can be prevented by adequate maternal and childhood iodine intake.

Cretinism

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Correction of an individual's iodine deficiency should be instituted at a level recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

In a nonpregnant adult, 150 mcg/day is sufficient for normal thyroid function.

Consultation with an endocrinologist should be considered when the etiology of thyroid abnormalities is unclear.

 Thyroidectomy  indicated for patients with compressive symptoms of a large goiter.

Treatment of iodine deficiency

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At a population level, iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) can be prevented by the iodization of food products or the water supply.

In practice, this is usually achieved by iodization of salt.

An alternative in some developing countries has been the periodic injection of iodized oil supplements

Prevention

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Function.Constituent of enzyme eg:cytochrome C

oxidase,catalase,tyrosinase in iron transport. Deficiency.

Anemia.Menkas disease. RDA(2-3mg/d).

Sources:organ meat,cereals,leafy vegetables.

COPPER

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Most abundant constituent the human body it makes up about 60% body weight.

WATER

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function• Provision of moist environmrnt• Aqueous condition for

metabolism• Moistening of food for

swallowing• Regulation of body temperature• Being a major constituent of

blood and tissue fluid it transport substances

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Diluton of waste products & poisons substances in the body

Providing medium for the excretion of waste products eg:urine&faeces

Cntnd…..

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Text book of Biochemistry-U.SathyanarayanaText book of HAP –Ross and Wilsonwww.healthline.comemedicine.mediscape.com

REFERENCE

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