women empowerment, issues and legal measures...MSc nursing
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Women empowerment Deepthy P Thomas Ist year MSc nursing
CNA
DEFINITION The manifestation of redistribution of power that
challenges patriarchal ideology and male dominance. Chandra 1997
Process aimed at changing the nature and direction of systematic
forces which marginalize women and other disadvantaged sections in
a given context. Sharma 1992.
Empowerment is probably the totality of the following or
similar capabilities: decision-making power of their own access to
information and resources for taking proper decision Having a range
of options /choices assertiveness in collective decision making
positive thinking on the ability to make change Ability to learn
skills. Ability to change others perceptions by democratic means.
Involving in the growth process and changes that is never ending
and self-initiated Increasing ones positive self-image and
overcoming stigma
1. Domestic violence CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN
Acid Throwing Dowry
Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion Rape
Sexual harassment Trafficking
Justice system Other concerns Social opinions
Family planning Sex ratios Sanitation
PRE-REQUISITES OF EMPOWERMENT Active participation in social
economic and political spheres. Process of decision making
empowerment. Desired self-respect. Social dignity. Involvement of
women in decision making process PRE-REQUISITES OF EMPOWERMENT
Active participation in social economic and political spheres.
Process of decision making empowerment. Desired self-respect.
Social dignity. Involvement of women in decision making
process.
LEVELS OF EMPOWERMENT Welfare Access Conscientisation
Participation
FACILITATING FACTORS FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT Existence of women's
organizations Availability of support systems Availability of
women-specific Availability of funds Feminist leadership Networking
Favourable media coverage Favourable policy climate.
CONSTRAINING FACTORS FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT Heavy work load of
women. Isolation of women from each other. Illiteracy. Traditional
views limit participation. No funds. Disagreements/conflicts among
women's groups. Structural adjustment policies. Negative and
sensational coverage of media
ADVANTAGES OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT next generation will be
empowered because of her. if woman will be empowered she will not
be a burden on anyone. financial burden of man can be shared with
her support. family can be more strong because of both working
hands. when financial problems will be shared than results of
conflict.
RIGHTS OF WOMEN the right to work as a human being. The right
to the same employment opportunities, including application of the
same criteria for selection. The right to free choice of profession
and employment, the right to promotion, job security and all
benefits and conditions of service and right to receive vocational
training and retraining. The right to equal remuneration. The right
of social security as well as the right to paid leave. The right to
protection of health and to safety.
EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN Economic Empowerment of women Poverty
Eradication by offering them a range of economic and social
options, along with necessary support measures to enhance their
capabilities
Micro Credit strengthening of existing micro-credit mechanisms
and micro-finance institution will be undertaken so that the
outreach of credit is enhanced
Women and Economy Their contribution to socio-economic
development as producers and workers will be recognized in the
formal and informal sectors (including home based workers) and
appropriate policies relating to employment and to her working
conditions should be drawn up.
Globalization Benefits of the growing global economy have been
unevenly distributed leading to wider economic disparities, the
feminization of poverty, increased gender inequality through often
deteriorating working conditions and unsafe working
environment.
Women and Agriculture Concentrated efforts should be made to
ensure that benefits of training, extension and various programmes
will reach them in proportion to their numbers.
Women and Industry comprehensive support in terms of labour
legislation, social security and other support services to
participate in various industrial sectors
Support Services child care facilities, including creches at
work places and educational institutions, homes for the aged and
the disabled
social empowerment of women Education for women equal access to
education as men and boys
Healthcare for women Participation of women in development of
science and technology
Nutrition of women Drinking Water and Sanitation
Housing and Shelter Environment
political empowerment Recognizing that education and training
To acknowledge and accept the glaring gender based bias Empowering
women by increasing awareness regarding the rights of an employee.
Work on the communication skills of women Encouraging and
supporting women entrepreneurs to develop marketable models of
enterprise
Planning educational and training modules for motivating women
to take up self- empowerment programmes. Educating and training
women to gainfully engage in markets and institutions. Publicizing
the central role of women in the national economies and celebrating
the success stories of women entrepreneurship and women
professionalism in every field. Gender training and sensitization
of the current structures of the society represented by the
government, non-governmental bodies and private enterprises.
Improving the flow and access of credit and finance for women
through financial institutions for female entrepreneurs at the
governmental and non-governmental levels. The access of credit to
be financed through collateral for loans. Building and
strengthening networks where women come together from different
nations and regions for common goal economic empowerment of
women.
Cultural Empowerment of Women There should be a change in the
mind set of society on a fundamental level. Cultural empowerment as
such can be achieved only when women are treated as human beings
first and foremost
Women in difficulties Fighting against violence and
discrimination Rights of the Girl Child Mass Media
LEGISLATIVE ACTS IN INDIA FOR EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN Constitution
of India, 1950 : Article 14 -equality . Article 15- prohibits
discrimination of sex. Article 16- equality of opportunity for
employment. The 73rd and 74th amendments to the Constitution of
India provided for reservation of seats
Indian Penal Code, 1860 : Section 304(b) -murder of women in
connection with demand of dowry. Sections 312 to 318 -miscarriage.
. Section 366-A deals -procuration of minor girls for sexual
purpose. Section 376 -punishment for rape Section 498-A -women to
cruelty by her husband or relatives S. 509- punishment for uttering
words and gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a
woman
The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 The Factories Act, 1948 The
Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 The Medical Termination of
Pregnancy Act, 1971 : The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 The Chid
Marriage Restraint Act, 1976 The Indecent Representation of Women
(Prohibition) Act, 1986 The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act,
1987 The National Commission for Women Act, 1992 : The Prenatal
Diagnostic Technique Act, 1994
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
Women's Reservation Bill or the The Constitution (108th Amendment)
Bill. The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention,
Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 The Criminal Law (Amendment)
Act, 2013 IN KERALA Kerala State Womens Development Corporation
Kerala State Womens Commission Kerala State Social Welfare
Board
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT PROGRAMMES Goals and objectives: Advancement
and development of women in every walk of life. Creating an
environment through economic and social policies. enjoyment of all
human rights and fundamental freedom Equal access to participation
and decision making Equal access to women at all levels
Strengthening legal systems active participation and involvement of
both men and women. Mainstreaming a gender perspective in the
development process.
Care India Assisted Programmes Food Programmes Non-Food
Programmes Setting up of Employment-cum income
Generation-Production Units Support to Training & Employment
Programme for Women (STEP Mahila Samriddhi Yojana (MSY) Rashtriya
mahila kosh Indira mahila yojana (imy) Balika Samriddhi Yojana
(BSY) Rural Womens Development and Empowerment (Swa- Shakti)
Project Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme
NREGS The stated objective of the Act is to enhance livelihood
security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of
guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household
whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
national policy for the empowerment of women ,2001 Goals and
objectives: (i) Creating an environment through positive economic
and social policies for full development of women to enable them to
realize their full potential. (ii) The de-jure and de-facto
enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedom by women on
equal basis with men in all spheres political, economic, social,
cultural and civil (iii) Equal access to participation and decision
making of women in social, political and economic life of the
nation
Goals and objectives iv) Equal access to women to health care,
quality education at all levels, career and vocational guidance,
employment, equal remuneration, occupational health and safety,
social security and public office etc. (v) Strengthening legal
systems aimed at elimination of all forms of discrimination against
women (vi) Changing societal attitudes and community practices by
active participation and involvement of both men and women. (vii)
Mainstreaming a gender perspective in the development process.
(viii) Elimination of discrimination and all forms of violence
against women and the girl child; (ix) Building and strengthening
partnerships with civil society.
Components Educational empowerment. Social empowerment. Women
in difficulties
Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls
(RGSEAG) Sabla Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB) The National
Mission for Empowerment of Women was launched by the Government of
India (GoI) on International Womens Day in 2010 strengthen the
inter-sector convergence; facilitate the process of coordinating
all the womens welfare and socio-economic development programmes
across ministries and departments. Mission Poorna Shakti
Focus Area of the Mission Access to health, drinking water,
sanitation and hygiene facilities for women . Coverage of all girls
especially those belonging to vulnerable groups in schools from
primary to class 12 . Higher and Professional education for
girls/women. Skill development, Micro credit, Vocational Training,
Entrepreneurship, SHG development . Gender sensitization and
dissemination of information. Taking steps to prevent crime against
women and taking steps for a safe environment for women .
Key Strategies of the Mission Facilitating inter-sector
convergence of schemes. Strengthening institutional framework At
policy level commission research, evaluation studies, review
schemes, programmes and legislation, do gender audit and outcome
assessment Enhance economic empowerment. Evolve with the support of
community representatives and groups
Convergence Model a project to test a model of delivery for
convergent implementation of programmes intended for welfare and
development of women. The women centre at the village level, the
first point of contact for women will be known as the Poorna Shakti
Kendra (PSK). Village coordinators at the Kendras would reach out
to the women with the motto "HUM SUNENGE NAARI KI BAAT!"