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Vaccinations in older adults a European guidance Prof. Gavazzi Gaëtan University of Grenoble-Alpes, GREPI, EA 74 08 University Clinic of Geriatric Medicine, University hospital of Grenoble-Alpes, France [email protected]

Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

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Page 1: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Vaccinationsin older adults

a European guidance

Prof. Gavazzi Gaëtan

University of Grenoble-Alpes, GREPI, EA 74 08

University Clinic of Geriatric Medicine, University hospital of

Grenoble-Alpes, France

[email protected]

Page 2: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Disclosure of interest

As consultant, speaker, workshop and adisory board : Pfizer/ BioMérieux/ Sanofi-Pasteur MSD/ Astellas / AstraZeneca

Invitation for congress : Eisai, Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, Novartis, Pfizer,

Page 3: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Summary

Limitations : to better understand issues

Recommandations for relevant vaccines flupneumococccusZosterdT /pertussis/ tick born encephalitis

Page 4: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

If ageing isUniversal, Intrinsic, Progressive and Deleterious

It is also and mainly

HETEROGENEOUSMillions of disable elderly in Nursing Home but 80% of the >80 y live at home independently

Frailty

Epigeneticfactors

Environmental factors(comorbidities)

Page 5: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Vaccination attitude

Individual / Collective issues

• Diseases and complications of the Diseases

• Vaccine : Efficacy- effectiveness / Adverse drug reaction ratio

• Cost /Effectivness ratio

Incidence and prevalence of the disease

Cost (dis+complications) versus cost (Vacinne /ADR)

Individual perception of

Efficacy- effectiveness / Adverse drug reaction ratio

Collective vaccine policies (PH institution)

Individual interest / Collective interest

Cost /Effectivness ratio

Balinska MA 2004, Salgado CD 2004

Page 6: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Background for a life course vaccine

program

Amanna IJ ,Long Science 2012

Increasing risksVPD

Influenza/pneumococcus/Zoster

Non VP

DecreasingVaccine efficacy

Page 7: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Weinberger B ,Clin Infect Dis 2008

BOOSTER

Background for a life course vaccine

program

Decreasing efficacy

Page 8: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Vaccination policies in Europe

Samson S, Aging Clin Exp Res 2009, Michel JP Eur Ger Med 2010

High Variability

Page 9: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Summary

Limitations : to better understand issues

Recommandations for relevant vaccines flupneumococccusZosterpertussis/ tick born encephalitis

Page 10: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Influenza

overview / recommandation

Page 11: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Influenza

Bulletin du réseau Sentinelles du 25/02/15, n° 2015s08 (données du 16 au 22/02/15)

Pour la semaine n° 2015s08 allant du 16 au 22/02/15, le réseau Sentinelles a observé la

situation suivante :

SYNDROMES GRIPPAUXLe pic épidémique a été franchi, activité en diminution

En 6 semaines d'épidémie, 2 421 000 personnes auraient consulté un médecin généraliste

Les médecins Sentinelles surveillent le nombre de cas de syndromes grippaux vus en consultation (définis par une fièvre supérieure à 39°C, d'appar ition brutale, accompagnée de myalgies et de signes respiratoires). A partir de ce nombre de consultations pour syndromes grippaux, il est possible d'estimer la part attribuable à la grippe.

Surveillance clinique : en France métropolitaine, la semaine dernière, le taux

d'incidence des cas de syndromes grippaux vus en consultation de médecine générale a

été estimé à 723 cas pour 100 000 habitants (IC 95% [679 ; 767]), soit 467 000 nouveaux

cas, au-dessus du seuil épidémique (155 cas pour 100 000 habitants) [1].

Après consolidation des données, l'incidence des syndromes grippaux est en baisse

depuis 2 semaines avec une activité toujours forte. Le pic épidémique a été atteint en

semaine 06. L'épidémie observée cette année est nettement plus forte que l'an dernier et

comparable à celle observée il y a 2 ans (voir graphe ci-contre) .

Au niveau régional , les taux d'incidence les plus élevés ont été observés en : Limousin

(1642 cas pour 100 000 habitants, IC 95% [1245 ; 2039]), Midi-Pyrénées (938, IC 95%

[743 ; 1133]) et Champagne-Ardenne (936), IC 95% [696 ; 1176]) L'ensemble des

régions présentent un taux d'incidence supérieur au seuil épidémique national (les données régionales complètes sont présentées à la fin du bulletin).

Concernant les cas rapportés, la semaine dernière, l'âge médian était de 36 ans (4 mois

à 95 ans); les hommes représentaient 46% des cas. Les tableaux cliniques rapportés par

les médecins Sentinelles ne présentaient pas de signe particulier de gravité : le

pourcentage d'hospitalisation a été estimé à 0,3%, IC 95% [0,0 ; 0,6]).

Estimation de la part attribuable à la Grippe : parmi les consultations pour

syndromes grippaux décrites ci-dessus, le nombre de consultations attribuables à la

grippe est estimé à 413 000 (intervalle de prédiction à 90% [367 000 ; 460 000]). En

6 semaines d'épidémie, le nombre de consultations pour grippe a été estimé à

2 047 000 (IP 90% : [1 768 000 ; 2 325 000]).

Efficacité vaccinale : L'efficacité vaccinale (EV) estimée cette année est plus faible que

les années précédentes, notamment chez les personnes de plus de 65 ans (EV=11%,

IC95% [-4 ; 23]) [2]. Elle a été estimée à 63% (IC95% [53 ; 71]) chez les personnes de

moins de 65 ans avec une maladie chronique.

Plus d'information sur cette surveillance

L'équipe du réseau Sentinelles

[1] Costagliola D, et al. A routine tool for detection and assessment of epidemics of influenza-like syndromes in France. Am J Public Health. 1991;81(1): 97-9.

[2] Falchi A, et al. Field seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness: Evaluation of the screening method using different sources of data during the 2010/2011 French influenza season. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013. 9(11):2453-9

Situations observées Évolution des incidences nationales

Données consolidées des 4 dernières semaines

Pour la semaine n°2015s08

Carte d'interpolation spatiale des données

basée sur les taux d'incidence départementaux

Cartes consultables sur http://www.sentiweb.fr

Taux d'incidence national en bleu, seuil

épidémique en rouge, obtenu par un modèle de régression périodique [1]

(en cas pour 100 000 habitants)

Taux d'incidence national des syndromes grippaux de la saison en cours et

médiane, 1er et 3ème quartiles des taux d’incidences historiques

2015s04 2015s05 2015s06 2015s07

Des données complémentaires sur les syndromes grippaux mesurés dans la population

générale sont disponibles dans la suite de ce bulletin et sur www.grippenet.fr.

Syndromes Grippaux (1/2)

Enfin,  sur  ces  9  semaines  d’épidémie,  l’excès de mortalité calculé sur l’échantillon des 1000 communes est estimé à 12 300 décès (+18%). Cet  échantillon  de  communes  permet  d’enre-­gistrer  près  de  70%  de   la  mortalité  nationale.  L’estimation  de   la  surmortalité  extrapolée   à  l’échelle  nationale  (100%  de  la  mortalité)  est  de 18 300 décès sur cette période  (Figure  4).  L’excès  de  mortalité  s’est  concentré  essentiellement  chez  les  personnes  âgées  de  plus  de  65  ans  et  a  touché  l’ensemble  des  régions  métropolitaines.  Il s’agit de l’excès de mortalité le plus élevé depuis l’hiver 2006-2007 (Tableau  1) .    Cet  excès  a  également  été  observé  dans  la  plupart  des  15  pays1  participant  au  projet  européen  de  surveillance  de   la  mortalité   (http://www.euromomo.eu/).  Il  a  été  estimé  à  90 000 décès  tous  âges  confondus  et  coïncide  avec  la  circulation  du  virus  grippal  A(H3N2)  mais  également  avec  la  survenue  d’autres  facteurs  hiver-­naux.

Page 4 Bilan de la saison grippe InVS

Tableau 1 :  Effectifs  observés  de  mortalité  et  excès  de  mortalité  es timé  sur  les  saisons  épidé-­miques  de  grippe  d

e  2006-2007  à  2014-2015,  tous  âges  et  chez  les  65  ans  ou  plus

1 : Pays/régions avec excès : Belgique, Danemark, Angleterre, Pays de Gales, Ecosse, Grèce, Hongrie, Irlande, Pays-Bas, Portugal, Espagne, Suède, Suisse 2 : Ecart entre le nombre observé et le nombre attendu de décès, calculé sur les données issus des 1000 com-­munes participant à la surveillance en routine (p rès de 70% de la mortalité nationale) 3 : Ecart entre le nombre observé et le nombre attendu de décès, extrapolé à l’échelle nationale à partir d’un re-­dressement fondé sur les données issues des 1000 communes participant à la surveillance en ro utine

Tous âges confondus 65 ans ou plus

Saisons  épi-­démiques  de  grippe

Durée  en  semaines

Effectif  Observé

Excès2 (Sur  1000  com-­

munes)

Excès  extra-­polé  à  la  

France  en-­tière3

Effectif  Observé

Excès2    

(Sur  1000  com-­munes)

Excès  extra-­polé  à  la  

France  en-­tière3

2006-2007 7 52  077 1  286 +3% 1  919 41  657 1  385 +3% 2  068

2007-2008 9 68  644 3  020 +5% 4  508 55  194 2  966 +6% 4  427

2008-2009 10 83  601 10  166 +14% 15  173 67  988 9  339 +16% 13  939

2009-2010 10 71  346 -286 0% -427 56  146 -388 -1% -579

2010-2011 9 71  032 3  829 +6% 5  715 57  203 3  162 +6% 4  719

2011-2012 8 66  388 6  995 +12% 10  440 54  959 6  788 +14% 10  132

2012-2013 13 107  777 10  206 +10% 15  234 88  607 8  950 +11% 13  359

2013-2014 5 38  491 700 +2% 1  045 31  593 428 +1% 638

2014-2015 9 80 514 12 272 +18% 18 317 67 875 11 127 +20% 16 608

0

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No

mb

re d

e d

écès

Semaines Sources : InVS-DCAR / Insee

Nombre observé Nombre attendu Borne sup de l'intervalle de fluctuations

Période de l'épidémie grippale

Figure 4:  Nombre  hebdomadaire  ob servé  (noir)  et  attendu  (rouge)  de  décès  au  cours  de  l’hi-­ver  2014-2015,  tous  âges  confondus,  sur  l’échantillon  des  1000  communes  suivies  e

n  routine.

Early data frm 2014/15

France : + 18 000 Deaths

Europe More than 90 000

90% > 65 y

http://www.invs.sante.fr/Actualites/Publications

Page 12: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Influenza Vaccines : efficiency

Meta analysis (ss) : Efficiency of inactivated influenza vaccine

• Letal and on letal Complications, - 30 %

• Reduced ILI onset - 40 %

• Virologically Confirmed flu - 50 %

The Risk Benefit ratio is largely high to promote fluvaccination in older populations

Guidance for Esposito S et al submitted 2016

Beyer WE, Vaccine 2013 Respiratory causes (pneumonia, COPD exacerbation)Cardiovascular causes (strokes and Myocardal Infarction)

Despite low Immunological Efficacy <50 % (probably better with MF59 adjuvant)

Page 13: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Influenza vaccine– Adverse drug reaction

Fewer and less severe / young adult

Vaccine vs Placebo Etude la plus récente

General signs No differences

Local ADR 11.3% Vaccine 5.1% Placebo

Govaert TM BMJ 1993, Margolis KL JAMA 1990, Allsup SJ Gerontology 2000

Page 14: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Yearly influenza vaccination > 65 Y old

Standard-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (trivalent or quadrivalent)

Alternatively, the high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine or adjuvanted influenza vaccine

Influenza vaccination guidance

Page 15: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Pneumococcus Overview

Page 16: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Infection Risk

> 50% pneumonia in > 60 y

Mortality x 3-10 in 60 to 90 y

pneumococcal outbreaks in Geriatric Healthcare settings

Vaccinations PPV23 PCV13 ( 2014)

low antibody response

No T cellular memory ++

No mucosal response +

Very good tolerance OK

Robinson CA et al. JAMA 2001. Gaillat, Press Med 1998; Christenson WF Lancet 2001, Sisk 1997, Fine 1994, Nichol 1999, Margolis ,

Pneumococcus, elderly and Vaccinations

serotype : 1, 3, 4, 5,6A, 6B, 7F, 9 V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and

23F

PPV23 decreases the immunoligical response to PCV13

Page 17: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Does PPV23 prevent PD or deaths in adultsCochrane 2013 review PPV23

• Included 18 RCTs (n=64,852) and 7 non-RCTs (for IPD only; n=62,294)

• Meta-analysis: – Prevention of IPD: OR 0.26 [0.14; 0.45]

– Prevention of all cause pneumonia• in low income countries, general population: OR 0.54 [0.43; 0.67]* • In high income countries, general population: OR 0.71 [0.45; 1.12]• High income countries, chronic illness: OR 0.93 [0.73; 1.19]

– Prevention of all cause mortality• No effect: OR 0.90 [0.74; 1.09]

– Non-RCTs controlling for confounders, culture confirmed IPD: OR 0.48 [0.37; 0.61]

Moberly et al. Cochrane analysis 2013

*African goldminers (Austrian,1976; Smit 1977); AR 90 / 1,000 person years;; Community dwelling adults in highlands of Papua New Guinea (1977);

Page 18: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

1 RCT in Japan « nursing home »

All get a flu vaccine, >90% with > 1comorbidity, 84 Years

Pneumococcal PPV23 Vaccination

Maruyama T, BMJ 2011

Efficiency on pneumonia- 63% à Pneumococcal- 29 % all pneumonia

No efficiency on all causeMortality

Page 19: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Different vaccine policiespneumococcal (PPV23) vaccine in Europe

Pebody RG Pneumococcal vaccination policy in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2005;19

Page 20: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Vaccine Coverage PPV23: Europe

Fedson DS Expert Rev Vaccines. 2011

19-69% ≥65 y/ 11-27% high risk group

Page 21: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Community acquiredpneumonia :RCT

84496 volontaires ≥65 ans

Netherland

• 58 sentinels hospitals

• suspicion of CAP– Clinical

– Radiological

– Hemoculture, Binax et SSUAD (multplex antigen bindingassay, 97%Se et 100%Sp)

– PCV 13 protection

1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F Pirmary outcome : Vaccine Type strain

pneumococcal confirmed CAP (VT CAP)

Page 22: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

CAPITA Summary

– 45.00% (95.2% CI 14.21%-65.31%; p=0.0067) for preventing first episode nonbacteremic and noninvasive pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia V

– 75.00% (95% CI 41.43%-90.78%; p=0.0005) for preventing VT invasive pneumococcal disease.

• Durability of vaccine efficacy through 4 years of follow up

• Very few side effects

Page 23: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

PCV13 and before giving PPV23 after 1 year-In cases of previous PPV23 vaccination,

a new vaccination with PCV13 at least 12 months after the PPV23 vaccination

- PPV23 or PCV13 may be co-administered with the influenza vaccine.

- Use of PPV23 together with or before PCV13 : not recommended.

- If PCV13 is unavailable: PPV23 for any patients aged 75 years or older Risk-based strategy for population between 65 and 75 years .

Pneumococcus vaccination guidance

Page 24: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Zoster

Page 25: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Age related VZV Incidence in World

Levin MJ , Cur Op IMmunol 2012

Exemple in France : 300 000 cases /y an > 50% >60 years

Page 26: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

• DN4 and NPSI

ARIZONA, Bouhassira J Pain 2012

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

J0 J15 M1 M3 M6 M9 M12

% d

e pa

tient

s av

ec d

es d

oule

urs

dues

au

zona

[50-60[ [60-70[ [70-80[ ≥ 80 ans

DN4 et NPSI

30% >1 mois

10-15% % 3 -12 mois

Age related Post Herpetic Neuralgia Incidence

Among > 80 Y

Page 27: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Impact of herpes zoster pain on health-related quality of life

and functioning : risk of loss of autonomy

Schmader CID (2001).

Psychological

impactDepression

Anxiety

Difficulty concentrating

Social impact Decreased social

gatherings

Change in social role

Functional impactInterfere with basic and

instrumental activities of

daily living:

- Dressing, bathing,

eating, mobility,

- Ttravelling, cooking,

housework, shopping

Physical impact Chronic fatigue

Anorexia

Weight loss,

Physical inactivity

Insomnia

Greater pain burden, associated with poorer physical functioning, increased emotional distress, and decreased role and social functioning

HZ-related pain

The magnitude of suffering is

directly related to pain intensity

& duration

Zoster : does it Harm ?

Page 28: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Zoster Vaccine

• Live attenuated vaccine

• Same than varicellea Vaccine for children

– Higher dosage 14 fold

• Contra-indication if immunodeficiency

• No control before immunization

Page 29: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Levin MJ , Current op Immunol 2012, *Schmader K JAGS 2010

Age-related efficacy response to VZV vaccine

---18

Real decrease efficacy to reduce shingles incidence after 80 years oldStill a large efficay regarding, PHN and impact on activity

Page 30: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Zoster Vaccine-Adverse drug reaction

• Redness, itching, swelling, warmth, and pain at the injection site

• Local pain in extremity

• Chicken pox : < 1 / 10 000

Page 31: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Johnson, Adv therap 2016

Cost effectiveness analysis for VZV vaccine in elderly population

Cost effective in <80 y old population and less after 80….BUT High variability according which variables

Missing data impact of medication use, Impact on functional status, nutritional status

Page 32: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

New HZ vaccine ZOE-50

Very large efficacy including oldest population > 70 y: > 90 %

Including Immunosupression ?

Many Adverse drug reaction and 2 injections

Not available yet.

Conjugated Vaccine : targetting glycoprotein E with AS01B Adjuvant

Decrrease Incidence of Zoster in 50+ ( community dwelling older pop.

Page 33: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

For individuals aged 50 years and older, including in patients with previous zoster episodes.

NO revaccination, currently

Contra-indications :previous anaphylactic reactions pregnancy, and primary cellular or acquired immunodeficiency.

Herpes Zoster vaccination Guidance

Page 34: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

dT for all older population >65 y individuals every 10 years whereas

dTp (Pertussis) vaccination is recommended based upon the extent of the outbreak in each country

Tick Born Encephalitis Vaccine for elderly individuals (≥65 years) in risk areas.

Dt/Pertussis /Tick born encephalitis vaccinations Guidance

Page 35: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Diptheria/ Tetanos All > 65y / 10 Year

Influenza All >65 and HCW each year

Pneumococcus PCV13 and PP23V once

Zoster All > 50 y once

(pertussis/ TBE) According to local area risk

THOM n°1 vaccine Guidance

Page 36: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

DTP

All / 10-20 Year

Grippe

All and HCW each year

Pneumocoque

PCV13 and PP23V … once

Zoster

After 50 y once

THOM vaccine recommendations

Page 37: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Getting an Herd immunity Influenza vaccination of HCW :

Mortality among Nursing home residents : 3 Clustered RCT

Carman WF Lancet 2000, Hayward AC BMJ 2007 Lemaître M JAGS 2009

Institutions 10 10 23 23 20 20

Nb residents

749 688 1249 1323 1722 1678

Vaccination HCW

49.8 4.8 35.4 5 69.9 31.8

resident Mortality

13.6 22.4* 11 15.3 5.2 6

**

* P<0.05

Page 38: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Influenza vaccination of HCW : Mortality among Nursing home residents

3 Clustered RCT

Carman WF Lancet 2000, Hayward AC BMJ 2007 Lemaître M JAGS 2009

Institutions 10 10 23 23 20 20

Nb residents

749 688 1249 1323 1722 1678

Vaccination HCW

49.8 4.8 35.4 5 69.9 31.8

resident Mortality

13.6 22.4* 11 15.3 5.2 6

**

Clear efficiency of HCW vaccination to reduce

all cause mortality in olderpopulation

But general coverages < 30%???

Expert from HCSP , France 2015

Page 39: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

VPD still affect at high level indivuduals and Healthcare systems

Some VPD such as Influenza are very harmfull ( death/cost)

Some VPD are still not considered as Harmfull ( zoster)

Vaccine policies are highly variable among Europe for the samevaccines ???? Question of money ?Many transmissions of VPD to patients are related to HCW

Herd Immunity is a strategy to overcome the hyporesponse of older population

Vaccine coverage for individuals/ HCW are still too low

Take Home messages n°2

Page 40: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

On the road of patient safety , waiting for …….

….at least. a good walk…..

Thank for your Attention

40

Massif de Belledone, France

Egon Shiele

« What's natural is the microbe. All the rest - health, integrity, purity(if you like) - is a product of the human will, of a vigilance that must never falter ».

in the PLAGUE Albert Camus,

Page 41: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Increasing risks

Decreasing efficacy

More efficient vaccine for known VPD.: ..... Influenza / Pneumococcus / ZOSTER

New licensed adjuvants : MF59 /AS03Higher dosage : TIV ( 3 to 4-fold increased of the normal dose for each strain (15μg vs 60μg)Alternative routes: Intra nasal / intra dermal / others…

Find a universal booster to be used ealier in life Find a immunological agent that keep naive T cells and large repertoire

Vaccine for tomorrow

Page 42: Vaccinations in older adults a european guidance - Slideset by Professor Gaetan Gavazzi

Increasing risks / TRAVELLERS

Decreasing efficacy

On the pipeline : New vaccines for prevalent or/ and Severe diseases

Staphylococcus infections ( phase III)Clostridium ( phase III)

Norovirus, ((phase III)chykungunya, dengue,…..

AND VACCINE FOR TRAVELLERSA hepatitis, thyphoid fever, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever….others

Vaccine for tomorrow