Prepared by :Zhiyar muhammadnezif ibrahimParween dlovan muhammadamin

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Nematoda

Class: Adenophorea

Order: Trichurida

Family: Trichuridae

Genus: Trichuris

Species: T. trichiura

a very common intestinal helminthic infection, and about one

quarter of the world's population is thought to carry the parasite.

tropical Asia & to a lesser degree, in Africa and South America.

Only patients with heavy parasite burden become symptomatic.

Poor hygiene is associated with trichuriasis transmission, and children are

especially vulnerable because of their high exposure risk.

Prevalence of helminth infection was higher in the schools where hygiene

conditions (i.e., tap water, hand washing soap) are lacking.

Its recommended that the school health programs include deworming,

health education, and improvement of hygiene conditions.

male, 30-45 mm; female, 35-50 mm

• Adults reside in the large intestine, cecum, and appendix of

the host.

• buries its thin, threadlike anterior half into the intestinal

mucosa and feeds on tissue secretions, not blood.

• . The cecum and colon are the most commonly infected

sites,

• in heavily infected individuals, infection can be present in

more distal segments of the GI tract, such as the

descending colon and rectum.

Transmission: fecal-oral via embryonated ova.

Reservoir: mainly human, others possible but host

specificity not well documented.

Epidemiology.

Whipworm infection is more common in less-developed

countries. This parasite is carried by nearly one quarter of the

world population.

.

pathologyThe major pathology resembles that of inflammatory bowel disease due to mechanical disruption and toxicity of whipworms.

The pathological changes include:

hyperemia

edema

hemorrhage/bleeding

In few cases, there are cellular proliferation and thickness of the intestinal wall causing inflammatory and granulomas

Clinical manifestations

Light infestations (<100 worms) are frequently asymptomatic.

Heavy infestations may have bloody diarrhea.

Long-standing blood loss may lead to iron-deficiency anemia.

Rectal prolapse is possible in severe cases.

Vitamin A deficiency may also result due to infection.

Mechanical damage to the mucosa may occur as well as toxic or

inflammatory damage to the intestines of the host.

Finger clubbing

Diagnosis

T. trichiura eggs are detected in stool examination. Eggs

will appear barrel-shaped and unembryonated, having

bipolar plugs and a smooth shell.

o eosinophilia

o Rarely, anemia.

o Characteristic eggs on stool smear (oval with transparent

bipolar plugs) are visible.

o Each female produces up to 20,000 eggs per day. (No stool

concentration technique is necessary.)

Rectal prolapse can be diagnosed easily using .

Endoscopy often shows adult worms attached to

the bowel mucosa. (coconut cake rectum).

TREATMENT

Causes worm death by selectively and irreversibly blocking glucose

uptake and other nutrients in the susceptible adult intestine where

helminths dwell.

Administer a second course if patient is not cured within 3-4 wk.

Decreases whipworm ATP production, causing energy depletion,

immobilization, and death.

Prevention & Control

Avoid ingesting soil that may be contaminated with human feces,

including where human fecal matter ("night soil") or wastewater is

used to fertilize crops.

Wash your hands with soap and warm water before handling food.

Teach children the importance of washing hands to prevent infection.

Wash, peel, or cook all raw vegetables and fruits before eating,

particularly those that have been grown in soil that has been fertilized

with manure.