CENTRE FOR MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTRE FOR MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RAJAKKAMANGALAMRAJAKKAMANGALAM

MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITYMANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY

Dr. T. CitarasuDr. T. CitarasuAssistant ProfessorAssistant ProfessorTele-fax: + 91-4652-253078Tele-fax: + 91-4652-253078Mobile: +91-9994273822Mobile: +91-9994273822Email:Email: citarasu@gmail.comcitarasu@gmail.com citarasu@msuniv.ac.incitarasu@msuniv.ac.inWebsite:Website: www.msuniv.ac.inwww.msuniv.ac.in

Our Institute………

BeachBeach

M S UniversityM S University

Fin fish FarmFin fish Farm

CMSTCMST

Planktonology DivisionPlanktonology DivisionMangrovesMangroves

Bird BiodiversityBird BiodiversityPhoto Courtesy : Muthamil Iniyan Photo Courtesy : Muthamil Iniyan

My Lab………Herbal Drug development Herbal Drug development

Growth Promoters, Immunostimulants, Anti stress, Appetizers, Antibacterial & Antiviral

Vaccine DevelopmentVaccine Development Inactivated WSSV Vaccine , WSSV Subunit Vaccine, Bio f i lm & OMP Vaccine, Edible antibody & phage display

Drug DiscoveryDrug Discovery Antibacterials, Antivirals, Anticancers and pharamacological important biosurfactants from Actinomycetes & Antagonistic microbes from higher saline regions

TRENDS IN MARINE BIOTECHNOLGYTRENDS IN MARINE BIOTECHNOLGY

IMPORTANCE OF MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGYIMPORTANCE OF MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Defined as “ Application of scientific & engineering principles to the

processing of materials by marine biological agents to prove goods

and services”.

Ocean covers 70% of the earths’ surface & 80% of the organisms

living in aquatic ecosystem

Biochemical characteristics were identified

7516.6 km7516.6 km

News Courtesy :News Courtesy :Daily Thanthi 23.02.2014Daily Thanthi 23.02.2014

Strengthen our marine biotechnology research……..Strengthen our marine biotechnology research……..

Marine Biotechnology Explores……………… Marine Biotechnology Explores………………

Novel Pharmaceutical drugsNovel Pharmaceutical drugs

CosmeticsCosmetics

Enzymes Enzymes

Industrial ProductsIndustrial Products

Bio fuels Bio fuels

Processes & BioremediationsProcesses & Bioremediations

Aquaculture & sea food safety Aquaculture & sea food safety

GMOGMO

Untapped reservoir of biologically active compounds, which leads to the Untapped reservoir of biologically active compounds, which leads to the development of development of new functional foodsnew functional foods with vast diverse of with vast diverse of novel novel chemicals.chemicals.

Processes and extraction techniques for Marine value added productsProcesses and extraction techniques for Marine value added products

Marine Bio prospectingMarine Bio prospecting

Marine Pharmaceuticals & NutraceuticalsMarine Pharmaceuticals & Nutraceuticals

Extremophiles Extremophiles

Aquaculture BiotechnologyAquaculture Biotechnology

Marine Environmental BiotechnologyMarine Environmental Biotechnology

Algal Biotechnology Algal Biotechnology

Marine GenomicsMarine Genomics

The Lecture Focused on…………….The Lecture Focused on…………….

MARINE BIO PROSPECTING MARINE BIO PROSPECTING

MARINE BIO PROSPECTING MARINE BIO PROSPECTING

Defined as “Searching for bio molecules from marine sources and the search for new and unique bioactive components with potential commercial applications”

Also include bioprocessing, bio harvesting, bioremediation using bioreactors.

Technical details of Bio prospecting & drug development includes…Technical details of Bio prospecting & drug development includes…

Identification

Screening

Efficacy

Safety testing Large scale commercial

production

Secondary metabolitesSecondary metabolites

Compounds that are produced after active growth has taken Compounds that are produced after active growth has taken place & which perform no vital function for the producing place & which perform no vital function for the producing organismsorganisms

Interesting array of diverse and novel chemical structures with Interesting array of diverse and novel chemical structures with High bioactivity potentialHigh bioactivity potential

Heart of commercial venture & turn over is Heart of commercial venture & turn over is more than billion more than billion 100 $ / yr100 $ / yr

Non Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase (NRPS) & Polyketides Non Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase (NRPS) & Polyketides (PKS) (PKS)

Peptide secondary metabolites produced by bacteria, Peptide secondary metabolites produced by bacteria, Actinomycetes & FungiActinomycetes & Fungi

NRPS / PKS system involved diverse of bimolecular secretionNRPS / PKS system involved diverse of bimolecular secretion

Independent of mRNAIndependent of mRNA

Broad biological activities Broad biological activities

Isolation of Marine organism for Bio Prospecting Isolation of Marine organism for Bio Prospecting

Collection techniquesCollection techniques

Traditional snorkel Scuba divingTraditional snorkel Scuba diving

Self contained underwater breathing apparatusSelf contained underwater breathing apparatus

Ship-based collectionShip-based collection

benthic Organisms & sedimentsbenthic Organisms & sediments

Sediment CorersSediment Corers

Sediment sampling for microbesSediment sampling for microbes

Remotely operated Vehicles (ROVs)Remotely operated Vehicles (ROVs)Deepwater industries for hydrocarbon extraction Deepwater industries for hydrocarbon extraction

Autonomous Under Water Vehicles (AUVs)Autonomous Under Water Vehicles (AUVs)A unmanned vessels going to deeper for longer & less costA unmanned vessels going to deeper for longer & less cost

Submersible based CollectionsSubmersible based CollectionsAct as big vacuum suckersAct as big vacuum suckers

Burrowing organisms in the benthic sedimentsBurrowing organisms in the benthic sediments

MARINE PHARMACOLOGY MARINE PHARMACOLOGY

Importance of Marine PharmacologyImportance of Marine Pharmacology

A branch of pharmaco l ogy c oncerned wi th pharmaco l og i ca l l y a c t i ve subs tances A branch of pharmaco l ogy c oncerned wi th pharmaco l og i ca l l y a c t i ve subs tances pre sen t in mar ine aqua t i c presen t in mar ine aqua t i c  f l o ra and faunaf l o ra and fauna ; i t s o b j e c t i ve i s t o f ind and deve l op ; i t s o b j e c t i ve i s t o f ind and deve l op new therapeu t i c agen t snew therapeu t i c agen t s .

Pharmacologically Important compoundsPharmacologically Important compounds

Molluscan derived CompoundsMolluscan derived Compounds

1. Dolastin 1. Dolastin (Sea slug)(Sea slug)

Dolastin 10 &15 Dolastin 10 &15

Dollabella auriculariaDollabella auricularia

Anticancer activityAnticancer activity

2. Kahalaide F2. Kahalaide F

Sea slug Sea slug Elysia rufescensElysia rufescens

Induce apoptosisInduce apoptosis

3. Spisulosine3. Spisulosine

Arctic surf clam Arctic surf clam Spisula polynymaSpisula polynyma

Anti proliferative & Anti cancerAnti proliferative & Anti cancer

4. Cadalmin Green mussel extract4. Cadalmin Green mussel extract

Perna viridisPerna viridis

Arthritis; Anti-inflamatoryArthritis; Anti-inflamatory

Known wt of tissue + water or Known wt of tissue + water or methanolmethanol

Chop & homoginize/ sonicate Chop & homoginize/ sonicate

CentrifugeCentrifuge

Collect supernatantCollect supernatant

Further purification needFurther purification need

AssayAssay

Sponge derived CompoundsSponge derived Compounds

1. Bengamides & Derivatives1. Bengamides & Derivatives

Fijian Sponge Jaspidae Fijian Sponge Jaspidae

Antibiotic , anticancer & Antibiotic , anticancer &

AntihelminticAntihelmintic

2. Contigna sterol2. Contigna sterol

Petrosia contianataPetrosia contianata

Curing AsthmaCuring Asthma

3. 3. DBH DBH (Debromohymenialdisine)

Stylotella aurantiumStylotella aurantium

Antibiotic , anticancerAntibiotic , anticancer

Compounds from other Animals Compounds from other Animals

Cnidarians derived CompoundsCnidarians derived Compounds

1. Pseudo pterosins1. Pseudo pterosins

Pseudopterogorgia elisabethaePseudopterogorgia elisabethae

Anti-inflamatoryAnti-inflamatory

2. Eleutherobin2. Eleutherobin

Octocoral Octocoral Eleutherobia sp Eleutherobia sp

Anti cancerAnti cancer

Ascidians derived CompoundsAscidians derived Compounds

1. Apilidine1. Apilidine

Mediterranian tunicate Mediterranian tunicate Aplidium albicansAplidium albicans

anticanceranticancer

4. Ectein ascidin 7434. Ectein ascidin 743

Ecteinascidia turbinateEcteinascidia turbinate

Anti cancer Anti cancer

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)

Crystal jelly fish Crystal jelly fish Aequorea victoriaAequorea victoria

238 amino acid (26.9 kDa)238 amino acid (26.9 kDa)

Molecular biology- Reporter gene Molecular biology- Reporter gene expression expression

BiosensorsBiosensors

Clone in viral vectorClone in viral vector

protein localization in living organisms

Bacteria, Yeast and other Fungi, fish plant, fly, and mammalian cells etc

Krill Oil and Enzyme Krill Oil and Enzyme ((Euphausia superba))Tiny shrimp @ Whale foodTiny shrimp @ Whale food

Omega 3s, especially EPA and DHA Omega 3s, especially EPA and DHA

Heart disease, reduce high cholesterol, high Heart disease, reduce high cholesterol, high blood pressure, stroke, cancer, osteoarthritis, blood pressure, stroke, cancer, osteoarthritis, depression depression

Marine NutraceuticalsMarine Nutraceuticals

Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)acid (DHA)

Safety and potential nutritional and Safety and potential nutritional and therapeutic effects.therapeutic effects.

Heart health, Liver tonic, antioxidant & Heart health, Liver tonic, antioxidant & cure cancerscure cancers

Good for health, Good for EyeGood for health, Good for Eye

Anti stressAnti stress

Rich Vitamins Rich Vitamins

Fish Oil (Cod Liver oil)Fish Oil (Cod Liver oil)

Fresh Livers without Gall bladder Fresh Livers without Gall bladder and veinsand veins

Wash & Chop Wash & Chop

Steam cooking (70° C – 20 min)Steam cooking (70° C – 20 min)

Remove the floating oil Remove the floating oil

Filter & CentrifugeFilter & Centrifuge

Keep overnight with NaSoKeep overnight with NaSo44

Filter & storeFilter & store

Thermal rupture to release oilsThermal rupture to release oils

Shark Fin Carti lages and RaysShark Fin Carti lages and Rays

Caudal, Dorsal & pectoral finsCaudal, Dorsal & pectoral fins

Known wt of dried finsKnown wt of dried fins

WashWash

cooking with acidified water cooking with acidified water

until hydrolyze to gelatin until hydrolyze to gelatin

Remove adhering muscleRemove adhering muscle

Dry in artificial dryerDry in artificial dryer

Grade and packGrade and pack

Shark Fin soupShark Fin soup

Boost sexual potencyBoost sexual potency

Enhance skin qualityEnhance skin quality

Prevent heart disease, lower Prevent heart disease, lower cholesterolcholesterol

Beneficial to lung & kidneyBeneficial to lung & kidney

Shark Bone cartilageShark Bone cartilage

Prevent variety of illnessPrevent variety of illness

AngiogenesisAngiogenesis

Prevent CancerPrevent Cancer

Fish GelatinFish Gelatin

Epinephelus sp, Rastrelliger sp etc

Elasticity, consistency & stability of Elasticity, consistency & stability of the productsthe products

Acid extractionAcid extraction

Washed skin soaked with 0.2 % Washed skin soaked with 0.2 % NaOHNaOH

WashWash

0.2 % H0.2 % H22SoSo44 + 1% citric acid + 1% citric acid

Coldwater washColdwater wash

DHDH22o incubation @ 45° C-18hro incubation @ 45° C-18hr

FilterFilter

DryDry

Fish BoneFish Bone

60-70 % of inorganic substances & rich in 60-70 % of inorganic substances & rich in calciumcalcium

Essential elements for human healthEssential elements for human health

Solve the problems related to bone Solve the problems related to bone

Collagen Collagen

Structural protein in connective tissueStructural protein in connective tissue

Cosmetic, biomedical, pharmaceutical, Cosmetic, biomedical, pharmaceutical, leather and film industriesleather and film industries

Alkaline and acid extractionAlkaline and acid extraction

Fish Bone and CollagenFish Bone and Collagen

Chitin, Chitoson & Oilgomers Chitin, Chitoson & Oilgomers

Shell waste with biomedical Shell waste with biomedical applicationsapplications

Chitin a high molecular wt polymer Chitin a high molecular wt polymer N-acetyl-D-glucosamineN-acetyl-D-glucosamine

Chitoson-heteropolymerChitoson-heteropolymer

Reducing LDL Reducing LDL

Antioxidants & anticancerAntioxidants & anticancer

ImmunostimulantsImmunostimulants

Shell wasteShell waste

WashWash

deprotenize- 3 % NaoHdeprotenize- 3 % NaoH

Alkali removal by water wash Alkali removal by water wash

Demineralization-1.25 N HclDemineralization-1.25 N Hcl

WashWash

Dry and packageDry and package

AlginateAlginate

polyuronic saccharaidepolyuronic saccharaide

Laminaria and FucusLaminaria and Fucus

D- mannuronic and L-galuronic acidD- mannuronic and L-galuronic acid

Emulsifier in food industriesEmulsifier in food industries

Sargassum & Gracilaria sp Sargassum & Gracilaria sp

Fresh seaweed washed & DriedFresh seaweed washed & Dried

Pulverize to get powderPulverize to get powder

Treat with 1N HCl (pH 2-3)-ONTreat with 1N HCl (pH 2-3)-ON

Wash with water & add NaWash with water & add Na22CoCo33

Filter & bleach with 2.5 % NaCloFilter & bleach with 2.5 % NaClo

Evaporate @ 60° CEvaporate @ 60° C

Pure sodium alginatePure sodium alginate

CarotenoidsCarotenoids

Solvent ExtractionSolvent Extraction

AstaxanthinAstaxanthin

Isolated from Micro algaeIsolated from Micro algae

Powerful antioxidants in aquaculturePowerful antioxidants in aquaculture

FucoxanthinFucoxanthin

Brown carotenoids in certain sea weedsBrown carotenoids in certain sea weeds

Promote DHA & omega-3 fatty acidsPromote DHA & omega-3 fatty acids

Beta carotenoid Beta carotenoid

Found in many algaeFound in many algae

Colored carotenoidsColored carotenoids

Antioxidants & anticancerAntioxidants & anticancer

ImmunostimulantsImmunostimulants

CarrageenanCarrageenan

Isolated from sea weedsIsolated from sea weeds

Sulfated polysaccharidesSulfated polysaccharides

Powerful antioxidantsPowerful antioxidants

Broad range of applications in Broad range of applications in food and cosmeticsfood and cosmetics

Fucoidon (Fucoidon (Foo–Koy–Den))

Sulfonated polysaccharidesSulfonated polysaccharides

Antioxidants & immunostimulantsAntioxidants & immunostimulants

Brown sea weedsBrown sea weeds

Blood purifierBlood purifier

Reduced CholesterolReduced Cholesterol

Fight off viral infectionsFight off viral infections

Scavenge free radicalsScavenge free radicals

Liver tonicLiver tonic

Anticancer Anticancer

Marine Environmental Biotechnology Marine Environmental Biotechnology

Problems in Marine Aquatic EnvironmentProblems in Marine Aquatic EnvironmentVarious sources- sediments, nutrients, pesticides, sewage, heavy Various sources- sediments, nutrients, pesticides, sewage, heavy metals, effluents……………………metals, effluents……………………

Affect the marine sediments, biodiversity, marine normal micro Affect the marine sediments, biodiversity, marine normal micro flora etc.flora etc.

Marine fisheriesMarine fisheries

Ecosystem damageEcosystem damage

Sources of Environmental PollutionSources of Environmental PollutionMicrobial ContaminationMicrobial Contamination

Bacteria and VirusesBacteria and Viruses

Seafood contamination (Process industry + shrimp farming)Seafood contamination (Process industry + shrimp farming)

Improper methods of handlingImproper methods of handling

Affect consumer levelsAffect consumer levels

Industrial EffluentsIndustrial Effluents

Sewage contaminations from recreational Sewage contaminations from recreational beachesbeaches

Fertilizer runoffFertilizer runoff

Shrimp farm effluents Shrimp farm effluents

Other industries (leather, coconut retting)Other industries (leather, coconut retting)

Koovam River @ 50 years back Koovam River @ 50 years back

Impact of polythene bags & plasticsImpact of polythene bags & plastics

100 type of birds100 type of birds

31 types of sea mamals31 types of sea mamals

FishesFishes

microplasticsmicroplastics

Release Bisphenol, phathalate & gasesRelease Bisphenol, phathalate & gases

Cause cancer, heart failuresCause cancer, heart failures

Need coastal clean-upNeed coastal clean-up

ICC (International Coastal Clean-up )ICC (International Coastal Clean-up )

2,800 peoples2,800 peoples

124 tones 124 tones

122 miles 122 miles

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) Harmful algal blooms (HABs)

Toxin producing dinoflagellates Toxin producing dinoflagellates

Red tide Red tide

Sea and Fish culture EnvironmentSea and Fish culture Environment

Shrimp farm effluents (Algal bloom die off, large amount of dead Shrimp farm effluents (Algal bloom die off, large amount of dead organic load accumulate) organic load accumulate)

Affect filter feeding animals, shrimps, lobstersAffect filter feeding animals, shrimps, lobsters

Oil pollutionOil pollution

Petroleum Hydrocarbons by oil spillsPetroleum Hydrocarbons by oil spills

From shipsFrom ships

Endocrine disturbers Endocrine disturbers

Aquatic birdsAquatic birds

Marine BiofoulingMarine Biofouling

Undesirable growth of marine organisms on immersed artificial Undesirable growth of marine organisms on immersed artificial structuresstructures

Affect the Affect the speed & balance of shipspeed & balance of ship

Increased Increased fuelfuel and and maintenance costmaintenance cost

Corrosion and Corrosion and mechanical failuremechanical failure

Seawater Seawater blockageblockage in pipes in pipes

Role of Marine Biotechnology on Environmental Pollut ionRole of Marine Biotechnology on Environmental Pollut ion

BioremediationBioremediation

““The act of adding materials to contaminated environments such as oil spill The act of adding materials to contaminated environments such as oil spill sites, to cause an acceleration of the natural biodegradation process”.sites, to cause an acceleration of the natural biodegradation process”.

PrinciplesPrinciples

Growth improvements of microbes by Growth improvements of microbes by optimal nutrients/ oxygenoptimal nutrients/ oxygen

Reduce or neutralize Reduce or neutralize the pollutants the pollutants

Pycoremediation, Mycoremediation, complex strategiesPycoremediation, Mycoremediation, complex strategies

Important featuresImportant features

Extremophilc bacteria Extremophilc bacteria with stand high temperature, pH & salinitywith stand high temperature, pH & salinity

Less expensive & Less expensive & Eco-friendlyEco-friendly

Genetically modified organism such as super bugGenetically modified organism such as super bug

Oil recovery Oil recovery MEOR MEOR (Minimal disruption in sites)(Minimal disruption in sites)

Remove Remove toxic elements toxic elements

Antifouling Antifouling

Anti-fouling paint or bottom paint is a specialized coating applied to the hull of a ship or boat in order to slow the growth of organisms that attach to the hull and can affect a vessel's performance and durability.

Silicone, Silicone epoxySilicone, Silicone epoxy

SiloxaneSiloxane

PolysiloxanePolysiloxane

WaxWax

FeaturesFeatures

Inhibitors of Inhibitors of quorum sensing- quorum sensing- sponge sponge Luffariella variabilisLuffariella variabilis

Neurotransmission blockers Neurotransmission blockers -2,5,6-tribromo-1-methtyl gramine- bryozoan-2,5,6-tribromo-1-methtyl gramine- bryozoan

Inhibitors of adhesive Inhibitors of adhesive production/release- Inhibit the adhesion of mussels production/release- Inhibit the adhesion of mussels

Enzyme inhibitorsEnzyme inhibitors

Ion channel inhibitors- Ion channel inhibitors- Mediterranean sponge Mediterranean sponge Crambe crambe Crambe crambe inhibits the inhibits the settlement of bryozoanssettlement of bryozoans

Effluent Treatment by ProbioticsEffluent Treatment by Probiotics

Probiotics have been defined as “live microbial food supplements which beneficially affect the host by improving the intestinal microflora balance”

Gut & Water ProbioticsGut & Water Probiotics

Competition exclusive principleCompetition exclusive principle

Used in Used in Shrimp farms and polluted areasShrimp farms and polluted areas

Improved strains of ProbioticsImproved strains of Probiotics

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spLactobacillus and Bifidobacterium sp

Effluent Treatment by MicroalgaeEffluent Treatment by Microalgae

Removal of nutrientsRemoval of nutrients

Removal Removal excess nutrients and Coexcess nutrients and Co2 2 in in

waste water systemswaste water systems

Solve Solve BODBOD problems problems

Excess algal biomass may Excess algal biomass may harvestedharvested

Removal of organic pollutantsRemoval of organic pollutants

Chlorella, ankistrodesmus in paper mills Chlorella, ankistrodesmus in paper mills & olive oil mills& olive oil mills

Algae can Algae can produce Oproduce O2 2 to bacteria and to bacteria and

bacteria bacteria degradedegrade the nutrients the nutrients

Removal of Heavy metalsRemoval of Heavy metals

Sargassum sp special affinity to Sargassum sp special affinity to heavy heavy metalsmetals

Waste water systemsWaste water systems

ExtremophilesExtremophiles

Microbial communities which can Microbial communities which can grow at extreme grow at extreme environmentsenvironments called extremophiles. called extremophiles.

Some are subject to Some are subject to grow multiple stress grow multiple stress condit ionscondit ions

Great economic value with Great economic value with biotechnological biotechnological applicationsapplications

ExtremophilesExtremophiles

Types of ExtremophilesTypes of Extremophiles

PsychrophilesPsychrophiles

--15 °C or lower for extended periods15 °C or lower for extended periodscold soils, permafrost, polar ice, cold ocean water etccold soils, permafrost, polar ice, cold ocean water etc

Polaromonas vacuolataPolaromonas vacuolata

Thermophiles Thermophiles

Heat- loving microbes 115Heat- loving microbes 115o CCDeep sea vent. Deep sea vent. Methanopyrus kandleriMethanopyrus kandleri

HyperthermophileHyperthermophile

temperatures between 80–122 °C.temperatures between 80–122 °C.

Thermo acidophile Thermo acidophile Combination of thermophile and acidophile that prefer Combination of thermophile and acidophile that prefer

temperatures of temperatures of 70–80 °C and pH between 2 and 370–80 °C and pH between 2 and 3

Acidiphiles Acidiphiles

sulfuric spring; Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

An organism with optimal growth at pH levels of 3 or below

AlkaliphileAlkaliphile

Source: Soda lake

Eg: Natronobacterium gregoryi

An organism with optimal growth at pH levels of 9 or above

Halophiles Halophiles

– – Salt loving microbesSalt loving microbesSource: Salt lake

Eg. Haloferax volcanii

An organism requiring at least 0.2 M concentrations of salt (NaCl) for growth

Solar salt works diverse of halophilic bacteria and Actinomycetes

ApplicationsApplications

Molecular BiologyMolecular Biology

Taq DNA Polymerase- Thermus aquaticus

Thermostable restriction enzymes–Pyrococcus sp

Alkaline phosphatases (psychrophiles)

DNA and protein stabilizers DNA and protein stabilizers

Compatible Solutes

di-myo-inositol-phosphate, di-mannosyl-di-myo-

inositol-phosphate, di-glycerol-phosphate,

mannosylglycerate and mannosylglyceramide-

Agro & Food Industry Agro & Food Industry

Thermophilic Thermophilic amylases and cellulasesamylases and cellulases: : Bakery, glucose Bakery, glucose and fructose productionand fructose production

Dietary supplements, Dietary supplements, pigments -α-Linoleic acid, β-pigments -α-Linoleic acid, β-carotene carotene and other pigments from halophilesand other pigments from halophiles

Freezing protection : Freezing protection : Antifreeze proteins Antifreeze proteins from from psychrophilespsychrophiles

Pharmacological IndustryPharmacological Industry

Biosurfactants:Biosurfactants:Glycolipids, lipopeptides, Glycolipids, lipopeptides, fatty acids, polymeric surfactants & fatty acids, polymeric surfactants & particulate naturesparticulate natures

Bacteriocin: Bacteriocin: Ptoteinaceous nature had Ptoteinaceous nature had antibiotic activityantibiotic activity

Liposomes: Liposomes: phospholipids for vaccine phospholipids for vaccine deliverydelivery

Polyhydroxybutyrate: Polyhydroxybutyrate: BioplasticBioplastic

Aquaculture BiotechnologyAquaculture Biotechnology நீரவாழவியல் உயிரொதாழிலநடபவியல் நீரவாழவியல் உயிரொதாழிலநடபவியல்

IMPORTANCE OF AQUACULTUREIMPORTANCE OF AQUACULTURE

Lucrative food production industry

Fresh, brackish & Marine based culture

10 % annual growth rate

Global sea food demand-70% in the next 35 years (7 fold)

Capture and culture fisheries

Rearing/culture and management of aquatic organismsRearing/culture and management of aquatic organisms

FishesFishes

ShrimpsShrimps

SeaweedsSeaweeds

MicroalgaeMicroalgae

Live feedsLive feeds

CrabsCrabs

Sea cucumbers Sea cucumbers

OystersOysters

MusselsMussels

Shrimp FarmingShrimp Farming

Asia is the largest producer- 80 %Asia is the largest producer- 80 %

India is the second place of Asia & India is the second place of Asia & fifth place in globallyfifth place in globally

>350 shrimp hatcheries 13 billion seed >350 shrimp hatcheries 13 billion seed production/ annum production/ annum

Top 5 Countries M. M tones

China 34.43

India 3.13

Vietnam 1.65

Thailand 1.39

Indonesia 1.30

Aquaculture production (FAO, 2009)

Current problems in shrimp/ Fish productionCurrent problems in shrimp/ Fish production

Culture methods• Extensive: 0-5 m3

• Moderate extensive : 5-15 m3

• Semi intensive : 15-30 m3

• Intensive : 30-60 m3

• Super Intensive : > 60 m3

Significant economic losses

Bacterial diseases - Vibriosis

Viral diseases – WSSV; MBV

Stress Induced diseases

CURRENT PROBLEMS IN DISEASE CONTROL CURRENT PROBLEMS IN DISEASE CONTROL

Current disease treatment Current disease treatment protocols – difficultprotocols – difficult

Chemicals & Synthetic drugsChemicals & Synthetic drugs

Antibiotics & other chemicalsAntibiotics & other chemicals

MPEDA abandoned more than MPEDA abandoned more than 10 antibiotics10 antibiotics

Chloramphenicol Metronidazole

Nitrofurans  Ronidazole

Neomycin Ipronidazole

Nalidixic acid nitroimidazoles

Sulphamethoxazole Clenbuterol

Chlorpromazine Diethylstilbestrol 

Colchicine  Sulonamide 

Dapsone Floroquinolones

Dimetridazole Glycopeptides

Banned Antibiot ics (MPEDA)Banned Antibiot ics (MPEDA)

Herbal MedicinesHerbal Medicines

Storehouses of safer & cheaper compounds

Low cost, effective, no side effects & biodegradable

Various activities such as growth promotion, immunostimulants, anti stress, appetizing, aphrodisiac, antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal etc.

EcliptineEcliptine Tinosporone

Ocemine Aegilin

AntibacterialsAntibacterials

Piper longumPiper longumMurraya koenij i Murraya koenij i Quercus Quercus infectoriainfectoria Psoralea Psoralea

coryli fol iacoryli fol ia

Beta Ocemine

Quercucin PsoralinPiperine

AntiviralAntiviral

Effectively controlled WSSV at earlier stage of infection

Inhibit viral replication

Effective against other shrimp virus such as MBV and YHV

Phyllanthus niruri Leucus aspara

Ocimum basil icum

Psidium guajava

Phenol, 2,5- bis Phenol, 2,5- bis

(1,1-dimethylethyl)(1,1-dimethylethyl)

Algal Drugs- Antiviral & Immunostimulants

SeaweedsSeaweeds

Broad spectrum of activities

antiviral, anthelmintic, antifungal

and antibacterial

Brominated, aromatics, sterols, dibutanoids, proteins, peptides, sulphated polysaccharides, terpenoids, phlorotannins, acrylic acid, phenolic

compounds and steroids.

CarrageenanCarrageenan

Powerful antioxidantsPowerful antioxidants

AlginateAlginate

polysaccharaidepolysaccharaide

Laminaria and FucusLaminaria and Fucus

Fucoidon Fucoidon

Powerful antiviral against WSSVPowerful antiviral against WSSV2-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-1-2-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-1-

phenylethanolphenylethanol

Immunostimulants Immunostimulants

Chitin, Chitoson & Oilgomers Chitin, Chitoson & Oilgomers

Shell wasteShell waste

Fucoidon Fucoidon

Sulfated polysaccharides –SeaweedsSulfated polysaccharides –Seaweeds

GlucansGlucans

YeastYeast

LactoferinLactoferin

MilkMilk

Lipopolysaccharides

Bacterial Cell wallBacterial Cell wall

HerbalsHerbals

W. somniferaW. somnifera, , A. calamos, T. cordifoliaA. calamos, T. cordifolia

First Generation of vaccine

Live, attenuated and killed forms killer

Cellular immune responses

Second Generation of vaccine

Subunit vaccines

T Helper cells immunity

Third Generation of vaccine

DNA vaccines

Humoral & cellular immunity

Strong & long lasting

Vaccines in AquacultureVaccines in Aquaculture

DNA VaccineDNA Vaccine

Immunization with a circular piece of DNA that code for an antigen

Plasmids consist of strong viral promoter to drive the in vivo transcription and translation

When injected into an individual, the plasmid is taken up by the host cells and its genetic information is translated into the immunizing protein.

Multicistronic vectors are sometimes constructed to express more than one immunogen, or to express an immunogen and an immunostimulatory protein.

Recombinant plasmids enter to the host cell

Gene of interest is transcribed by the RNA polymerase II & synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)

Translated into the corresponding protein in the cytoplasm of the host cells

T- Cell as well as B-Cell immunity will developed & produced antibody against the proteins

When pathogen (antigen) enters to the host cell, the T-Cells as well as B cells recognize and killed.

How DNA vaccine plasmids Stimulate immune responses?

Specific Pathogen Free (SPF)Specific Pathogen Free (SPF)

Development of SPF doubling the production in Development of SPF doubling the production in Litopenaeus Litopenaeus vannamei vannamei in US aqua industry during 1990sin US aqua industry during 1990s

They cross bread between two traitsThey cross bread between two traits

CPF and Oceana Institute develop the SPF by cross bread the CPF and Oceana Institute develop the SPF by cross bread the better characters such as better characters such as salinity, low DO, pH and disease salinity, low DO, pH and disease tolerance traits tolerance traits and analyze the characters at 30 generation and and analyze the characters at 30 generation and commercializationcommercialization

TRANSGENIC FISH/ GENE TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY TRANSGENIC FISH/ GENE TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY

Artificial transfer of rearranged genes into newly fertilized eggs Carry genes from other species Change their characters

Need for Transgenic fishNeed for Transgenic fish

Growth enhancementGrowth enhancement

Adaptation for environmentsAdaptation for environments

Increase disease resistance Increase disease resistance

Sexual maturationSexual maturation

Enhance nutritional quality Enhance nutritional quality

Improve food utilizationImprove food utilization

..

TRANSGENESIS AND TRANSGENIC TRANSGENESIS AND TRANSGENIC

PROTOCOLSPROTOCOLS

Introducing an exogenous gene – called Introducing an exogenous gene – called

a transgene – into a living organism so that a transgene – into a living organism so that

the organism will exhibit a the organism will exhibit a new property and new property and

transmit that property to its offspring.transmit that property to its offspring.

Transgenesis can be facilitated byTransgenesis can be facilitated by

1.1.LiposomesLiposomes

2.2.plasmid vectorsplasmid vectors

3.3.viral vectorsviral vectors

4.4.pronuclear injectionpronuclear injection

5.5.protoplast fusionprotoplast fusion

6.6. ballistic DNA injectionballistic DNA injection

RNA Interference (RNAi) against Viral diseaseRNA Interference (RNAi) against Viral disease

““A process in which the introduction of double-stranded A process in which the introduction of double-stranded RNA into a cell RNA into a cell inhibits the expressioninhibits the expression of genes” of genes”

Post Translational Gene Silencing Post Translational Gene Silencing (PTGS) Pathway(PTGS) Pathway

Post Translational Gene Silencing Post Translational Gene Silencing (PTGS) Pathway(PTGS) Pathway

ds RNA in the cytoplasm triggers the ds RNA in the cytoplasm triggers the multi domain multi domain ribonuclease II enzyme ribonuclease II enzyme DICER which cleaves the ds RNA in to si DICER which cleaves the ds RNA in to si RNA which are RNA which are 21 to 23 21 to 23 nucleotide nucleotide fragments.fragments.

These si RNA is recognized by the These si RNA is recognized by the RNA RNA induced Silencing complex (RISC)induced Silencing complex (RISC),, a a multi enzyme unit that brings about multi enzyme unit that brings about separation of two si RNA stands.separation of two si RNA stands.

The antisense Si RNA stand remains The antisense Si RNA stand remains bound to RISC while the sense strand is bound to RISC while the sense strand is released. Finally the released. Finally the antisense and antisense and RISC complex bind the target mRNA RISC complex bind the target mRNA allowing the nuclease activity and allowing the nuclease activity and degraded the target genedegraded the target gene

ds RNA in the cytoplasm triggers the ds RNA in the cytoplasm triggers the multi domain multi domain ribonuclease II enzyme ribonuclease II enzyme DICER which cleaves the ds RNA in to si DICER which cleaves the ds RNA in to si RNA which are RNA which are 21 to 23 21 to 23 nucleotide nucleotide fragments.fragments.

These si RNA is recognized by the These si RNA is recognized by the RNA RNA induced Silencing complex (RISC)induced Silencing complex (RISC),, a a multi enzyme unit that brings about multi enzyme unit that brings about separation of two si RNA stands.separation of two si RNA stands.

The antisense Si RNA stand remains The antisense Si RNA stand remains bound to RISC while the sense strand is bound to RISC while the sense strand is released. Finally the released. Finally the antisense and antisense and RISC complex bind the target mRNA RISC complex bind the target mRNA allowing the nuclease activity and allowing the nuclease activity and degraded the target genedegraded the target gene

Crustaceans such as penaeid shrimp, which can be infected by more than twenty different viruses.

Bunyaviridae, Herpesviridae, Picornaviridae, Parvoviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Togaviridae, Iridoviridae or a new virus family, the Nimaviridae

Culture practices leading to stress induced diseases, bacterial and viral infections leading to severe economic losses

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), Yellow head virus (YHV), and Taura syndrome virus (TSV)

Crustaceans such as penaeid shrimp, which can be infected by more than twenty different viruses.

Bunyaviridae, Herpesviridae, Picornaviridae, Parvoviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Togaviridae, Iridoviridae or a new virus family, the Nimaviridae

Culture practices leading to stress induced diseases, bacterial and viral infections leading to severe economic losses

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), Yellow head virus (YHV), and Taura syndrome virus (TSV)

Role of RNA Interference in aquatic disease control Role of RNA Interference in aquatic disease control

Production of Yolk antibodyProduction of Yolk antibody

Principle

When chickens are faced with a foreign virus or bacterium, they produce antibodies to fight the invader. They pass that immunity on to their offspring, and antibodies wind up in the eggs.

1. Chickens are more apt than mammals to make high-avidity antibodies

2. A single chicken can produce an enormous amount of antibody, upto 3 grams of IgY per month, which is 10-20 times the amount of a rabbit

3. chickens produce antibody much quicker-high-titre antibody is available from eggs as early as day 25

4. Storing of eggs (antibodies) is very easy

5. It is cheaper to feed and house chickens than rabbits

6. Effective against drug-resistant bacteria.

IgY IgY production & production & purificationpurification

YolkYolk

DDHDDH22O WashO Wash

Cut Open Cut Open

Isoproponanl wash 1: 3 – 2 times Isoproponanl wash 1: 3 – 2 times

Acetone wash- 1 timeAcetone wash- 1 time

Fitered & storeFitered & store

Complete removal of Complete removal of LipidsLipids

Algal BiotechnologyAlgal Biotechnology

Types of AlgaeTypes of Algae

Seaweed: Macro; benthic & muticellular Seaweed: Macro; benthic & muticellular algaealgae

Microalgae: Diverse group of unicellular; Microalgae: Diverse group of unicellular; occupy fresh, marine & extreme occupy fresh, marine & extreme environmentsenvironments

Algal Biotechnology focus on……Algal Biotechnology focus on……

Bio fuel productionBio fuel production

Bioconversion of CoBioconversion of Co22

Human health and nutraceuticalsHuman health and nutraceuticals

Aquaculture feedsAquaculture feeds

BioremediationBioremediation

Municipal waste treatmentMunicipal waste treatment

Food processingFood processing

ApplicationsApplications

Aquaculture FeedAquaculture Feed

Fin fish & Shellfish LarvaeFin fish & Shellfish Larvae

Chlorella, Dunaliella & nannochloropsisChlorella, Dunaliella & nannochloropsis

Rich in fatty acids & Beta carotene Rich in fatty acids & Beta carotene

NutraceuticalsNutraceuticals

Aphanizomenon flosaquaeAphanizomenon flosaquae, Arthrospira, , Arthrospira, Chlorella spChlorella sp

Arthrospira & Spirulina Arthrospira & Spirulina (>70% protein)(>70% protein)

EFAsEFAs

DHA & FPA crucial for DHA & FPA crucial for human physiological human physiological functionsfunctions

VitaminsVitamins

AntioxidantsAntioxidants

FucoidonFucoidon

Effluent RemediationEffluent Remediation

Phycoremediation Phycoremediation

Effectively remove Effectively remove ammonia ammonia (75 %) ; (75 %) ; NitriteNitrite (84 (84 %) ; %) ; PhosphorusPhosphorus (89) (89)

Removal of nutrientsRemoval of nutrients

Remove excess nutients and Remove excess nutients and CoCo22 in waste in waste

water systemswater systems

Solve Solve BODBOD problems problems

Excess Excess algal biomass algal biomass may harvestedmay harvested

Removal of organic pollutantsRemoval of organic pollutants

Chlorella, ankistrodesmus in paper mills & Chlorella, ankistrodesmus in paper mills & olive oil millsolive oil mills

Algae can Algae can produce Oproduce O2 2 to bacteria and bacteria to bacteria and bacteria

degrade the nutrients degrade the nutrients

Diatomite- Diatomite- silicon compound for silicon compound for chelatingchelating

Removal of Heavy metalsRemoval of Heavy metals

Sargassum sp special affinity to heavy metals Sargassum sp special affinity to heavy metals

Algae produce oxygen in spaceAlgae produce oxygen in space

Chlorella and Euglena grown in photobioreactor is used to produce oxygen in the space for the Astronauts using their waste and help them for long term expedition in space

NASA and many other space research station in the world open opportunities for planktologist

Algal BioplasticsAlgal Bioplastics

TTypically, long chain polymers, present in the algae lipids are used for making bioplastics

Algae is attractive for bioplastics because of its high growth rate and high protein content.

The plastics market is worth more than $400 billion and has grown at an average of 3.5% per year over the last two decades.

ALGAL ENERGYALGAL ENERGYALGAL ENERGYALGAL ENERGY

Algal Biogas ProductionAlgal Biogas Production

In a biogas reactor the substrates used are converted in several reaction steps into biogas, consisting mainly of the components CH4 and CO2

The biogas yield of plants is generally limited by the greater or lesser proportion of lignocellulose, which is difficult to recycle.

However, the use of microalgae with a low lignocellulose content, for example Chlorella vulgaris, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Spirulina platensis, permits an almost complete utilization of the organic substance.

.

ALGAL OIL PRODUCTIONALGAL OIL PRODUCTIONStoring the Sun’s Energy

(Photosynthesis)

What is needed Storage of EnergySunlight Lipids and oils

CO2 Carbohydrates

Nutrients

How to produce more oils ?How to produce more oils ?

The lipid content of an algae species can be increased by imposing a stress factor, such as starving of nitrogen or silicon.

In this manner, lipid fractions up to 70-85% have been reported for nitrogen starvation and 60% for silicon starvation

Algal Cell Harvest

Centrifugation- small microalgae

Filtration- different size of algae

Flocculation- Change of pH

Acid flocculation – using alum and sulphuric acid

Alkali flocculation – using NaOH and KOH Autoflocculation – Interrupting the Co2 level

Algal Oil Extraction

Mechanical methods: Expeller press, with vegetable oils, with chemical solvents

Osmotic methods: Sudden reduction in osmotic pressure

Ultrasonic assisted extraction: ultrasonic reactor, ultrasonic waves crate the rupture of cell walls

Sonoenzymatic treatment: Accelerates extraction and increases yields

Chemical methods: Algal powders + organic solvents (1:2)

Supercritical fluid extraction: liquid CO2 With different pressure

Enzymatic extraction: Enzymes to degrade the cell walls

TransesterificationTransesterification

A reaction between an A reaction between an ester of one ester of one alcohol and a second alcohol to alcohol and a second alcohol to form form an ester of the second alcohol an ester of the second alcohol and an alcohol from the original and an alcohol from the original ester, ester, as that of methyl acetate as that of methyl acetate and and ethyl alcohol to form ethyl acetate ethyl alcohol to form ethyl acetate and methyl alcoholand methyl alcohol

Methods for produce biodieselMethods for produce biodiesel

Advantages Advantages

Rapid and faster growth rates than terrestrial crops

The per unit area yield of oil from algae is estimated to be from between 5,000 to 20,000 gallons (18,927 to 75,708 litres) per acre, per year; this is 7 to 31 times greater than the next best crop, palm oil (635 gallons or 2,404 litres)

Certain species of algae can be harvested daily

Algal biofuel contains no sulphur, non-toxic and highly bio-degradable

High Value added ProductsHigh Value added Products

Bio moleculesBio molecules

IodineIodine

AlginAlgin

MannitolMannitol

Glycerol & ProlineGlycerol & Proline

Polymers Polymers

Phyto colloids (Phyto colloids (Alginate, agar, Alginate, agar, carragennan etccarragennan etc))

Cyanobacterial origin –Cyanobacterial origin –CyanophycinCyanophycin

Hydrocolloids Hydrocolloids

Thickening, Emulsify & stabilizersThickening, Emulsify & stabilizers

Also a polymer D-mannuronic & l-Also a polymer D-mannuronic & l-guluronic acidguluronic acid

Laminaria, Ascophyllum & MacrrocystisLaminaria, Ascophyllum & Macrrocystis

Carotenoids- Carotenoids- Powerful antioxidantsPowerful antioxidants

Beta carotene Beta carotene

Algotene Algotene

AxtaxanthinAxtaxanthin

Dunaliella salinaDunaliella salina

FertilizersFertilizers

Phymato lithonPhymato lithon

EckloniaEcklonia

Ascophyllum – Agri & Horticulture Ascophyllum – Agri & Horticulture purposespurposes

Human & Animal food Human & Animal food

China, Japan &KoreaChina, Japan &Korea

Seaweeds: Seaweeds: Ulva, Laminaria, Undaria, Ulva, Laminaria, Undaria, Uraeilarie, Cladosipon Uraeilarie, Cladosipon

Microalgae:Microalgae: Spirulina, Chlorella & Spirulina, Chlorella & PorphyraPorphyra

For animals For animals

Cats, dogs, aquarium fish, ornamental Cats, dogs, aquarium fish, ornamental birds, horses, poultry , cows and birds, horses, poultry , cows and breeding bullsbreeding bulls

Job Opportunities in Algal IndustryJob Opportunities in Algal Industry

Shrimp farm and Hatcheries

Algal oil industries

Carotenoids industries

DHA Production industries

Space research

Health product industries

Cosmetic industries

Biofertilizer industries

Recombinant products including vaccines, oils, novel carotenoids, antibodies, insecticidal proteins and biohydrogen

Nuclear transformations Nuclear transformations in in chlorophytes, diatoms and dinoflagellates

Agitation with glass beads, electroporation, microparticle bombardment and Agrobacterium mediated transformation are used to transfer foreign genes into unicellular eukaryotic microalgae

Chloroplast transformation is achieved in Euglena gracilis and unicellular red alga, Porphyridium sp. for the production of biosynthetic enzymes

POST-GRADUATE DIPLOMA POST-GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN PLANKTONOLOGYIN PLANKTONOLOGY

UGC Sponsored Innovative Programme UGC Sponsored Innovative Programme

Dr. M. Michael BabuDr. M. Michael Babu

Coordinator Coordinator

Dr. T. CitarasuDr. T. Citarasu

Co-Coordinator Co-Coordinator

Scope of PlanktonologyScope of Planktonology

The students more practically in the job rendering areas in planktons including algal oil production, carotenoid industries, and aquaculture sections, the students who complete this Diploma will get job opportunities in National and Global employments

The syllabi framed for this course has made only after consultation with the foresaid plankton based industries and also the students will be trained in plankton based industries to complete their project work.

After analyzing all the renewable oil resources, the microalgae which has more than 50% of lipid to its body weight has now been identified as an alternative to solve the future fuel scarcity

Research and Training Research and Training

Algal Identification

Zooplankton culture

Algal associated microbes

Carotenoid production

Algal oil production

Algal secondary metabolites

Aquaculture live feeds

Other compounds

Vaccine research

Infrastructure Facilities Infrastructure Facilities

Aquaculture wet lab

Marine Biotechnology Lab

Zooplankton culture

Algal culture facility

Huge Centrifuge

Freeze dryer

Algal identification system

HPLC system

Aquaculture companies Aquaculture companies

Amalgam Enterprises

Arbee Agencies

Arianee Landscapes

Avanti Feeds Ltd

Bright and Associates

Castlerock Group Of Companies

CIBA

Chirag International

Cochin Frozen Food Exports Ltd

Geo Seafood

Guybro Chemicals

L G Sea Foods

Aquaculture companies Aquaculture companies

Amalgam Enterprises

Arbee Agencies

Arianee Landscapes

Avanti Feeds Ltd

Bright and Associates

Castlerock Group Of Companies

CIBA

Chirag International

Cochin Frozen Food Exports Ltd

Geo Seafood

Guybro Chemicals

L G Sea Foods

Carotenoid Companies Carotenoid Companies

Allied Biotech Corporation

Carotenoid Technologies

Sociedad Anonima

Novepha Company

Agro Bio Chem (India) Pvt Ltd

Yunnan Green A Boiolgical Company

Algart International Inc.

Proalgen Biotech Ltd, Chennai

MNC Globle

Divis Laboratories Ltd

Agro BioChem (India) Pvt Ltd

BOBO Corp

Hovid Bhd

Carotenoid Companies Carotenoid Companies

Allied Biotech Corporation

Carotenoid Technologies

Sociedad Anonima

Novepha Company

Agro Bio Chem (India) Pvt Ltd

Yunnan Green A Boiolgical Company

Algart International Inc.

Proalgen Biotech Ltd, Chennai

MNC Globle

Divis Laboratories Ltd

Agro BioChem (India) Pvt Ltd

BOBO Corp

Hovid Bhd

Global Opportunities Global Opportunities

Algal oil producing companies Algal oil producing companies

Aquaflow Binomic Corporation (ABC)

Aquatic energy

Circle Biodiesel and Ethanol Corporation

Amalgam Enterprises

Green Star Products Inc., (GSPI)

Inventure Chemicals

LiveFuels OriginOil, Inc.,

PetroAlgae

Solazyme, Inc.,

Solix Biofuels

Texas Clean Fuels

For Fur ther Conta c t For Fur ther Conta c t

Dr. M. Michael BabuDr. M. Michael BabuCoordinatorCoordinatorPG Diploma in Planktonology PG Diploma in Planktonology Centre for Marine Science and Centre for Marine Science and Technology Technology RajakkamangalamRajakkamangalamKanyakumari Distr ictKanyakumari Distr ictMobile: +91-9443731640Mobile: +91-9443731640Email:Email: michaelmsu@live.commichaelmsu@live.com michael@msuniv.ac.inmichael@msuniv.ac.inWebsite:Website: www.msuniv.ac.inwww.msuniv.ac.in

MARINE GENOMICSMARINE GENOMICS

METAGENOMICS METAGENOMICS Defined as “Culture independent analysis of a mixture of microbial

genomes using an approach based either on expression or sequencing” (Schloss and Handlesmann, 2005)

Why Metagenomics Need?

UnderstandingUnderstandingMetabolismMetabolism

Defining the Defining the MinimalMinimalGene SetGene Set

Genome Genome EngineeringEngineering

Understanding Cell Understanding Cell Structure & FunctionStructure & Function

Understanding Understanding Host InteractionsHost Interactions

Understanding Understanding Protein-ProteinProtein-ProteinInteractionsInteractions

UnderstandingUnderstanding

ExpressionExpression (RNA/Protein)(RNA/Protein)

Discover DNA Discover DNA Variation, GenotypingVariation, Genotyping

ForensicsForensics

Drug/VaccineDrug/VaccineDevelopmentDevelopment

Approaches in metagenomicsApproaches in metagenomics

121

16S ribosomal RNA analysis of microbial communities

16S rRNA genes have been amplified, cloned and sequenced from thousands of distinct environmental niches, but these surveys routinely continue to identify unique new bacterial and archaeal taxa.

DNA Bar coding DNA Bar coding Taxonomic identification

Genetic marker COI-~ 600 bp

Fast mutation rate, resulting in the generation of diversity within and between populations

Fish Barcode of Life Initiative (FISH-BOL)- a global effort to coordinate an assembly of a standardized DNA barcode library for all fish species

“A rigorously standardized sequence of a minimum length and quality from an agreed-upon gene, deposited in a major sequence database, and attached to a voucher specimen whose origins and current status are recorded”

- Paul Hebert & Ryan Gregory (2005)

Applications Applications

Microbes

Sea grass & Mangroves

Marine Algae- 23 S & COI

Marine planktons

Lower chordates

Marine reptiles

Sea birds

Marine mammals

CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE DIRECTIONS CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Identify new sources of marine bio-products:Identify new sources of marine bio-products: New microbial New microbial

strains for antibiotic, anticancer drugs and enzymesstrains for antibiotic, anticancer drugs and enzymes

Production optimization of bio-products: Production optimization of bio-products: Large scale supply Large scale supply

through bioprocess technology etcthrough bioprocess technology etc

Develop novel screening technologies: Develop novel screening technologies: Genomic, bar coding and Genomic, bar coding and

metagenomic approach metagenomic approach

To promote the marine environmental biotechnology:To promote the marine environmental biotechnology: Pollution Pollution

will be monitored.will be monitored.

Provide a sustainable source of supply: Provide a sustainable source of supply: Chemical synthesis, Chemical synthesis,

controlled harvesting of aquaculture species, controlled harvesting of aquaculture species, in vitro in vitro production production

through cell culture of the macro or microorganism source and through cell culture of the macro or microorganism source and

transgenic productiontransgenic production

THANK THANK YOU YOU

Your Valuable suggestions please

Dr. T. CitarasuDr. T. CitarasuAssistant ProfessorAssistant ProfessorCentre for Marine Science and TechnologyCentre for Marine Science and TechnologyManonmaniam Sundaranar UniversityManonmaniam Sundaranar UniversityRajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari Dist, Tamilnadu, India 629502 Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari Dist, Tamilnadu, India 629502 Telefax Telefax + 91-4652-253078 + 91-4652-253078Mobile Mobile + 91-9994273822+ 91-9994273822E. mailE. mail citarasu@gmail.com citarasu@msuniv.ac.inWebWeb www.msuniv.ac.inResearch GateResearch Gate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thavasimuthu_CitarasuLinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/pub/thavasimuthu-citarasu/7/5b/753Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DQx_qucAAAAJ&hl=en

Dr. T. CitarasuDr. T. CitarasuAssistant ProfessorAssistant ProfessorCentre for Marine Science and TechnologyCentre for Marine Science and TechnologyManonmaniam Sundaranar UniversityManonmaniam Sundaranar UniversityRajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari Dist, Tamilnadu, India 629502 Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari Dist, Tamilnadu, India 629502 Telefax Telefax + 91-4652-253078 + 91-4652-253078Mobile Mobile + 91-9994273822+ 91-9994273822E. mailE. mail citarasu@gmail.com citarasu@msuniv.ac.inWebWeb www.msuniv.ac.inResearch GateResearch Gate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thavasimuthu_CitarasuLinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/pub/thavasimuthu-citarasu/7/5b/753Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DQx_qucAAAAJ&hl=en