The arthrosyndemology

The arthrosyndesmology. The arthrosyndesmology. The types of bones The types of bones

connections. connections. The classification of joints, The classification of joints,

their structure, their structure, movements in the joints.movements in the joints.

Kamal Umar LabaranKamal Umar Labaran

The arthrosyndesmology. The types of bones connections. The arthrosyndesmology. The types of bones connections.

All bone articulations can be All bone articulations can be divided into:divided into:

1. Contiguous articulations 1. Contiguous articulations (synarthroses), fixed in (synarthroses), fixed in function or allowing slight function or allowing slight movement.movement.

2. Interrupted (synovial) 2. Interrupted (synovial) articulations (diarthroses), articulations (diarthroses), permitting more movements permitting more movements functionally. functionally.

3. Transitional form, from 3. Transitional form, from contiguous to interrupted or contiguous to interrupted or vice versa, a half-joint vice versa, a half-joint (hemiarthrosis).(hemiarthrosis).

The arthrosyndesmology. The types of bones connections.The arthrosyndesmology. The types of bones connections.


Three types of synarthroses Three types of synarthroses are distinguished.are distinguished.

I. If connective tissue I. If connective tissue remains in the space between remains in the space between the bones after birth, they the bones after birth, they become joined by means of become joined by means of this tissue and the joint is this tissue and the joint is called fibrous.called fibrous.

II. If the intermediate II. If the intermediate connective tissue transforms connective tissue transforms to cartilaginous tissue, which to cartilaginous tissue, which remains after birth, the bones remains after birth, the bones become joined by means of become joined by means of cartilaginous tissue, and the cartilaginous tissue, and the joint is called cartilaginous.joint is called cartilaginous.

III. If the connective tissue III. If the connective tissue transforms to bone tissue the transforms to bone tissue the joint is called synostosis.joint is called synostosis.


Articulatio fibrosa is contiguous Articulatio fibrosa is contiguous joining of bones by means of joining of bones by means of connective tissue.connective tissue.

1. If the connective tissue fills a large 1. If the connective tissue fills a large space between the bones, the space between the bones, the articulation acquires the form of articulation acquires the form of interosseous membranes.interosseous membranes.

2. If the connective tissue between 2. If the connective tissue between the bones has the structure of fibrous the bones has the structure of fibrous bundles, fibrous ligaments form in all bundles, fibrous ligaments form in all the joints. the joints.

3. Until wide remnants of the primary 3. Until wide remnants of the primary connective tissue remain between the connective tissue remain between the bones of the skull-cap, the joints are bones of the skull-cap, the joints are called fontanelles.called fontanelles.

4. When the intermediate connective 4. When the intermediate connective tissue takes the character of a thin tissue takes the character of a thin layer between the skull bones, layer between the skull bones, sutures form. sutures form.


The following sutures are The following sutures are distinguished according to distinguished according to the shape of the articulating the shape of the articulating bone margins:bone margins:

(a) serrate, when the (a) serrate, when the projections on the margin of projections on the margin of one bone fit between the one bone fit between the projections on the opposing projections on the opposing bone;bone;

(b) squamous, when the (b) squamous, when the margin of one bone margin of one bone overlaps that of the overlaps that of the opposing bone;opposing bone;

(c) plane, opposition of (c) plane, opposition of smooth margins.smooth margins.


The following types of The following types of synchondrosis are synchondrosis are distinguished: distinguished:

(1) hyaline, (1) hyaline, (2) fibrous.(2) fibrous. The following synchondroses The following synchondroses

are distinguished according to are distinguished according to the duration of their existence:the duration of their existence:

1. Temporary, existing only to 1. Temporary, existing only to a definite age after which they a definite age after which they are replaced by synostoses..are replaced by synostoses..

2. Permanent, existing through 2. Permanent, existing through out life.out life.

The classification of jointsThe classification of joints

The articular surfaces, the The articular surfaces, the articular capsule, and a joint articular capsule, and a joint cavity within the capsule cavity within the capsule between the bones are between the bones are distinguished in each joint.distinguished in each joint.

1. The articular surfaces are 1. The articular surfaces are covered by articular cartilage, covered by articular cartilage, which is hyaline, less frequently which is hyaline, less frequently fibrous, and 0.2-0.5 mm thick. fibrous, and 0.2-0.5 mm thick. The articular surfaces are The articular surfaces are usually congruent. usually congruent.

The classification of jointsThe classification of joints 2. The articular capsule encloses 2. The articular capsule encloses

the joint cavity hermetically and the joint cavity hermetically and is attached to the articulating is attached to the articulating bones along the margin of the bones along the margin of the articular surfaces or at some articular surfaces or at some distance from them. It consists of distance from them. It consists of an outer fibrous membrane and an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.an inner synovial membrane.

3. The joint cavity is a closed, air-3. The joint cavity is a closed, air-tight slit bounded by the articular tight slit bounded by the articular surfaces and the synovial surfaces and the synovial membrane. Under normal membrane. Under normal conditions it is not an empty conditions it is not an empty cavity but contains synovial fluid cavity but contains synovial fluid which moistens and lubricates the which moistens and lubricates the articular surfaces and lessens the articular surfaces and lessens the friction between themfriction between them

The structure of jointsThe structure of joints Ligaments and tendons of Ligaments and tendons of

muscles constitute the auxiliary muscles constitute the auxiliary strengthening apparatus of the strengthening apparatus of the joint.joint.

Intraarticular cartilages, Intraarticular cartilages, accessory devices complementing accessory devices complementing the articular surfaces, are the articular surfaces, are encountered in some joints.encountered in some joints.

Joints play: Joints play: (1) they help to maintain body (1) they help to maintain body

posture; posture; (2) they contribute to the (2) they contribute to the

transposition of body parts in transposition of body parts in relation to one another; relation to one another;

(3) they are organs of locomotion (3) they are organs of locomotion of the body in the environmentof the body in the environment

Movements in the joints.Movements in the joints. The following types of movements The following types of movements

at the joints are distinguished:at the joints are distinguished: 1. Movement on the frontal 1. Movement on the frontal

transverse axis: flexion (a transverse axis: flexion (a reduction of the angle formed by reduction of the angle formed by the articulating bones), and the articulating bones), and extension (increase of this angle).extension (increase of this angle).

2. Movements on the sagittal axis: 2. Movements on the sagittal axis: adduction (drawing towards the adduction (drawing towards the median plane), and abduction median plane), and abduction (drawing away from it).(drawing away from it).

3. Movements on the vertical axis: 3. Movements on the vertical axis: rotation, inward and outward.rotation, inward and outward.

4. Movement in a circular manner, 4. Movement in a circular manner, circumduction, by changing from circumduction, by changing from one axis to another with one end of one axis to another with one end of the bone describing a circle.the bone describing a circle.

The structure of jointsThe structure of joints

Ligaments are that part of the Ligaments are that part of the joint which lends it strengthjoint which lends it strength

1. Ligaments guide the 1. Ligaments guide the movement of the articular movement of the articular surfaces on a joint and are surfaces on a joint and are consequently distributed in consequently distributed in each joint according to the each joint according to the number and position of its number and position of its axes.axes.

2. Ligaments are arranged: (a) 2. Ligaments are arranged: (a) perpendicular to the given perpendicular to the given pivotal axis and (b) mainly at pivotal axis and (b) mainly at the ends of the axis.the ends of the axis.

3. They are located in the plane 3. They are located in the plane of the given movement in the of the given movement in the joint. joint.


The following joints are The following joints are distinguished according to the distinguished according to the number of articular surfaces.number of articular surfaces.

1. Simple joint, which has only 1. Simple joint, which has only two articular surfaces.two articular surfaces.

2. Compound joint, which has 2. Compound joint, which has more than two articulating more than two articulating surfaces. surfaces.

3. Complex joint contains an 3. Complex joint contains an intraarticular cartilage in the intraarticular cartilage in the articular capsule. articular capsule.

4. Combined joint is a 4. Combined joint is a combination of several isolated combination of several isolated joints, located separately but joints, located separately but functioning together. functioning together.

The classification of jointsThe classification of joints UNIAXIAL JOINTSUNIAXIAL JOINTS 1. Trochoid joint - a cylindrical 1. Trochoid joint - a cylindrical

or wheel-like articular surface or wheel-like articular surface whose axis is a vertical line whose axis is a vertical line running parallel to the long axis running parallel to the long axis of the articulating bones or to of the articulating bones or to the vertical body axis; it the vertical body axis; it permits movements on one permits movements on one vertical axis (rotation).vertical axis (rotation).

2. Hinge joint. The articular 2. Hinge joint. The articular surface is a cylinder stretching surface is a cylinder stretching transversely whose long axis is transversely whose long axis is a transverse line running in the a transverse line running in the frontal plane perpendicular to frontal plane perpendicular to the long axis of the articulating the long axis of the articulating bones (flexion and extension). bones (flexion and extension).


BIAXIAL JOINTSBIAXIAL JOINTS 1. Ellipsoid joint. The articulating 1. Ellipsoid joint. The articulating

surfaces are segments of an ellipse. surfaces are segments of an ellipse. They movements on two horizontal They movements on two horizontal axes which are perpendicular to each axes which are perpendicular to each other: flexion and extension and other: flexion and extension and abduction and adduction.abduction and adduction.

2. Condyloid joint has a convex 2. Condyloid joint has a convex articular head in the form of a articular head in the form of a protruding rounded process which protruding rounded process which resembles an ellipse in shape and is resembles an ellipse in shape and is called acondyle. called acondyle.

3. Saddle joint is formed by two 3. Saddle joint is formed by two saddle-shaped articulating surfaces, saddle-shaped articulating surfaces, one "astride" the other moving one "astride" the other moving lengthwise and across the other. lengthwise and across the other.


MULTIAXIAL JOINTSMULTIAXIAL JOINTS 1. Ball-and-socket joint. One of the articular 1. Ball-and-socket joint. One of the articular

surfaces forms a convex spherical head, the surfaces forms a convex spherical head, the other - a concave articular cavity. Three axes, other - a concave articular cavity. Three axes, perpendicular to each other and inter-secting perpendicular to each other and inter-secting in the centre of the head, are distinguished: in the centre of the head, are distinguished:

(1) the transverse axis, the site of forward (1) the transverse axis, the site of forward flexion, anteflexion; flexion, anteflexion;

(2) the ante-roposterior axis (abduction and (2) the ante-roposterior axis (abduction and adduction); adduction);

(3) the vertical axis (inward and outward (3) the vertical axis (inward and outward rotation). rotation).

Circumduction takes place when movement Circumduction takes place when movement changes from one axis to another. changes from one axis to another.

2. Plane joints. The articular surface in these 2. Plane joints. The articular surface in these joints are flat. joints are flat.

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The arthrosyndemology