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Terminologies used in oral pathology dental
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Terminologies used in
Oral Pathology
Terminology/ Nomenclature Communication Documentation Description Classification/
categorization
Types
General terms Clinical terms Histologic terms
Definition
Maximum expression in minimum words
General terms
Provisional diagnosis Diagnosis arrived at after history
taking and clinical examination but before any investigations.
Preliminary educated assumption or guess as to the nature or status of the condition prior to the analysis of other diagnostic data
Differential diagnosis
Process of identifying a particular disease process by differentiating it from all other pathologic processes that may have similar signs and symptoms or clinical course
Final Diagnosis
Diagnosis arrived after all the data (History, clinical examination and investigations ) has been collected, analyzed and subjected to logical thought.
Prognosis
Prediction of the course, duration and termination of a disease and the likelihood of its response to treatment
Investigations
Steps undertaken to confirm a diagnosis which was established following case history taking and physical examination.
Laboratory Investigations
Extension of physical examination in which tissue, blood,urine, saliva or any other specimen is obtained from the patients body and subjected to microscopic, biochemical, microbiological or immunological examination
Clinical terms
Inspection
Systematic visual assessment of the patient
Palpation
Method of examining with the hands using the sense
of touch
Percussion
Technique of striking the tissues with the fingers or an instrument so that the examiner may listen to the resulting sounds or note the response of the patient to such action
Auscultation
Technique of listening to sounds produced in the body using a stethoscope.
Lesion
Morphologically altered tissue with objective signs of disease
Symptom
Any change in the body or its function that is perceptible to the patient and may indicate a disease.
Eg : Pain
Sign
Any change in the body or its function that is perceptible to a trained observer and may indicate a specific disease.
Eg : Tenderness
Hypersensitivity
Exaggerated response to any stimulus which otherwise would not have caused the same degree of response.
Abscess
Acute inflammatory reaction localized within the tissue and associated with tissue destruction and liquefaction as well as pus formation
Cellulitis
Acute inflammation which spreads diffusely through the tissue spaces and along tissue planes and usually suppurative in nature.
Exudate
It is the edema fluid produced by certain inflammatory reactions having a higher specific gravity
(1.020 or higher) and a higher protein content (1-6 gm/dl)
Transudate
It is the edema fluid produced by certain noninflammatory conditions having a low specific gravity and a low protein content
Macule
Well circumscribed
flat area of altered coloration varying in size from a pinhead to several cms
Macule
Macule/Patch
Papule
Small well circumscribed solid,elevated lesion less than
5 mm in diameter
Nodule
well circumscribed solid,elevated lesion more than
5 mm in diameter
Nodule
Plaque
Vesicle
Small well circumscribed
fluid filled lesion less than 5 mm
in diameter
Bulla
well circumscribed
fluid filled lesion larger than 5 mm
in diameter
Bullae
Pustule
well circumscribed
pus filled lesion
smaller than 5 mm
in diameter
Erosion
Break in the
epithelium extending to
but not involving
the basal cell layer
Erosion
Ulcer
Break in the continuity
of the entire epithelium
with the resultant exposure of the underlying connective tissue
Ulcer
Sinus
•
Blind tract which connects a cavity lined by granulation tissue to the epithelial surface
Fistula
• Communication between two
epithelium lined surfaces
Example:
Oro antral fistula
White lesion
• Abnormal area of oral mucosa
which appears whiter than the surrounding tissue and is usually slightly raised, roughened or of a different texture than the adjacent
normal tissue.
Keratotic White Lesion
• White lesion of the oral cavity
which cannot be removed by rubbing or scraping
Non Keratotic White Lesion
• White lesion of the oral cavity which can be removed by rubbing
or scraping
Premalignant lesion
• Morphologically altered tissue
in which cancer is more likely to occur than its apparently normal counterpart
Eg: Leukoplakia
Premalignant Condition
• Generalized state associated with
significantly increased risk of developing cancer
Eg: Iron deficiency anemia
Hamartoma
• Tumour like malformation characterized by the presence of particular histologic tissues in improper proportions or distribution with a prominent excess of one type of tissue.
Eg: Haemangioma
Teratoma
• True neoplasm made up of a number of different types of tissues that are not native to the area in which the
tumour occurs.
Choristoma
• Microscopically normal cells present in abnormal location
Eg: Fordyces granules
Neoplasm
• Abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner even after the cessation of the stimulus that evoked the change
Hypertrophy
• Increase in the size of an organ or
tissue due to an increase in the size of the cells
Example: Masseteric hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
• Increase in the size of an organ or
tissue due to an increase in the number of the cells
Example: Gingival hyperplasia
Hypoplasia
• Incomplete development of an
organ or tissue
Example: Enamel hypoplasia
Aplasia
• Complete failure of formation of
organ/tissue
Example: Condylar aplasia
Atrophy
• Decrease in the size of an organ or
tissue after complete formation
Example: Papillary atrophy
Pedunculated
Pedunculated
Sessile
Sessile
Diffuse
Coalescing
Exophytic
Firm
Cheesy
Hard
Histologic terms
•
Hyperkeratosis
Thickening of the stratum corneum
Acanthosis
Thickening /Widening of the stratum spinosum
Spongiosis
Intercellular edema
Acantholysis
Separation of cells in stratum spinosum resulting in intraepithelial split
Dysplasia
Irregular, atypical proliferative changes in the epithelium in response to chronic irritation or inflammation
Anaplasia
Reversal of highly differentiated cells into a less differentiated type
Metaplasis
• Is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type
Metastasis
• Metastasis is a complex process that involves the spread of a tumor or cancer to distant parts of the body from its original site
Mutation
• A relatively permanent change in hereditary material involving either a physical change in chromosome relations or a biochemical change in the codons that make up genes