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Australia has the 2nd longest living people on the earth at 82.2 years, with low death rates for cancer, heart disease, and stroke. In the future global warming impacts such bush fire, heat waves droughts and will create increased strain on our emergency services.
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Sydneys Health infrastructure
History of Sydney health
• Sydney as a city wasn’t planned• Hospitals started as a charitable organization that received
small government grants.• Infectious diseases prior to 1900 was a major source of
illness, hospitals such as tb quarantine wards were isolated, manly, waterfall, randwick.
• As public donations decreased and government tax donations increased hospitals were thought more as a public utility, this began the divide between public and private health.
• Public hospitals act 1929, reformed• WW2 repatriation hospitals
• In the 1800’s there were very few facilities for proper sewage disposal, safe water supply, controls over housing, food supply and working conditions.
• Infectious diseases were a major problem that had a dramatic impact on life expectancy.
• In the Late 1800’s TB cases decreased by 80-90% before practitioners found a medicinal cure due to improvements in living conditions…
Things have improved
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Australian Life Expectancy
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1909 males 1909 females 2009 males 2009 femles
Year/Gender
Age
Series1
AUSTRALIANS are now the second-longest-living people on earth with falling death rates for cancer, heart disease, stroke and injury, but the indigenous population continues to die earlier. Australians' life expectancy is bettered only by the Japanese at 82.2 years.
55 59
7984
Life Expectancy for Indigenous people
Life Expectancy Indigenous Vs. Non Indigenous
0102030405060708090
NonIndigenous
Male
NonIndigenous
Female
IndigenousMale
IndigenousFemale
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7984
6559
Death rates among indigenous males and females were at least twice as high, across all age groups, as those for non-indigenous males and females.
However…WHO ranking of worlds health systems
However…WHO ranking of worlds health systems
Health expenditure as a share of GDP, OECD countries 2006
OECD Comparison
• Despite the level of health expenditure in Australia, there are fewer physicians per capita than in most other OECD countries.
• On average there are also fewer beds per capita than other oecd countries.
Number of practising physicians per 1000 population
2.652.7
2.752.8
2.852.9
2.953
3.053.1
3.15
Australia OECD
Num
ber
of
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Number of beds per 1000 population
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
Australia OECD
num
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of beds
Series1
Australia’s Healthcare System
• Spends 8.8% GDP per year on Average• The Australian healthcare system is mixed. Responsibilities for healthcare
are divided between the federal and state governments, and both the public and the private sectors play a role.
• Government programs underpin the key aspects of healthcare. Medicare, which is funded out of general tax revenue, pays for hospital and medical services. Medicare covers all Australians, pays the entire cost of treatment in a public hospital, and reimburses for visits to doctors.
• PBS Scheme, the government subsidizes prescriptions• Government pays about 70% of healthcare costs (approximately 47% from
the federal and 23% from state governments); the remainder is paid by non-government sources, e.g., insurance and private pay.
• Problems – Waiting periods for elective surgeries at public hospitals, access for rural, health status of indigenous.
The facts
Australia’s HospitalsNumber of Hospitals By State
NSW
VIC
QLD
W.A
S.A
TAS
A.C.T
NT
Public Hospitals
NSW 229
VIC 144
QLD 178
WA 93
SA 80
TAS 27
ACT 3
NT 5
Population per State
NSW
VIC
QLD
W.A
S.A
TAS
A.C.T
NT
Population
NSW 6.8 MIL
VIC 5.2 MIL
QLD 4.18 MIL
WA 2.11 MIL
SA 1.58 MIL
TAS 493, 400
ACT 339, 800
NT 215, 000
Future Threats
• Global Warming• CSIRO predicts – an increase of 0.4 – 2.0 ‘C by the year
2070 which will cause a number of climatic impacts…• Warmer average annual temp• 50-100% more hot days 35’C• Sydney may average 4 days over 40’C / YR• More frequent heat waves• 70% increase in droughts• 10-20% increase in the intensity of extreme daily rainfall
To our infrastructure
Heat waves and Bushfires
Floods
Storm Surges
Tsunamis
Impact on Infrastructure
• More strain on emergency services during extreme weather events, aging population…
• Heat waves cause technology and equipment to overheat, transport breakdown and water shortage.
• Flooding can cause electrical and access problems.• Storm surges push water inland where land is low, shifting rock
and damaging roadways, leaking roofs, power cuts.• Tsunami in Indonesia lead to the destruction of 1 referral hospital,
4 district hospitals and 41 out of 240 clinics were destroyed.
Impacts on Public Health
• Heat waves in Australia are responsible for more deaths than any other natural hazard
• Heatwaves are most likely to affect the elderly• Floods are significantly likely to result in degregation of human
health, loss of life, financial loss, trauma and associated human misery.
• Hurricane katrina, 19 hospitals evacuated, 18 closed, numerous deaths caused by transportation shortage, especially evacuation.
• Tsunami in south asia caused 280’000 fatalities, more than the population of NT, it caused massive hygiene problems and spread infectious diseases, a large number of suicides were also recorded from post dramatic stress.
