STRESS AND

ADAPTATIONZANKHANA RATHODF.Y. M.Sc.NURSING(2013-14)

INTRODUCTION: Stress is a part of life. Everyone

feels stress at one time or another. The experience of stress & the way one response to it are unique to each individual. The process of responding to stress is constant & dynamic & is essential to the person’s physical, emotional & social well being.

TERMINOLOGY:

STRESS “ It is a condition in which the human

system responds to changing in its normal balanced state .stress result from a change in the environment ,that is presided as a challenge a threat or a danger and can have both negative and positive effects.”

- Pender and Parsons (2006)

CONTI…

2) STRESSOR

“ stressor are themselves neither positive nor negative but they can have positive and negative effects as the persons responds to the changes.”

CONTI….

ADAPTATION

“ when person is in a threatening situation immediate response occur .those response are often involuntary ,are called coping response. The change that take places as a result of the responses to a stressor is adaptation .”

HOMEOSTASIS“The various physiologic

mechanism within the body responses to internal changes to maintain relative constancy in the internal environment is called homeostasis.”

PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS PSYCHOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS

PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS

Autonomic nervous system & the endocrine system primarily control homeostasis mechanisms.

self regulatory, occur without conscious thought, & usually function to correct abnormal conditions.

Short term & long term stress can threaten the physiologic homeostasis & result in illness,

TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS

LOCAL ADAPTATION RESPONSE

GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME

LOCAL ADPTAVIE RESPONSE

THE REFLEX PAIN RESPONSE

THE INFLAMANTORY RESPONSE

GAENRAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME

According to “Hans Selye” Three distinct stages:-

ALARM REACTION STAGESTAGE OF RESISTANCESTAGE OF EXHAUSTION

ALARM RESPONSE

This is the “ Fight or Flight” response that prepares the body for

immediate action

STAGE OF ADAPTATION / RESISTANCE PHASE

If the source persists, the body prepares for long-term protection, secreting hormones to increase blood sugar levels. This phase is common and not necessarily harmful, but must include periods of relaxation and rest to counterbalance the stress response. Fatigue, concentration lapses, irritability and lethargy result as the stress turns negative.

STAGE OF EXHAUSTION

In chronic stress situations, sufferers enter the exhaustion phase: emotional, physical and mental resources suffer heavily, the body experiences ‘ adrenal exhaustion’ leading to decreased stress tolerance, progressive mental and physical exhaustion, illness and collapse.

PSYCHOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS

Each person needs to feel loved & a sense of belonging, to feel safe & secure & to have self-esteem. When these needs are not met or a threat to need fulfillment occurs homeostatic measures in the form of coping or defense mechanisms help return the person to emotional balance.

TYPES OF STRESS

DISTRESS / DAMAGING STRESS / NEGATIVE STRESS

EUSTRSS / POSITIVE STRESS/STRESS THAT PROTECTS HEALTH

NEGATIVE STRESS

It is a contributory factor in minor conditions, such as headaches, digestive problems, skin complaints, insomnia and ulcers.

Excessive, prolonged and unrelieved stress can have a harmful effect on mental, physical and spiritual health.

POSITIVE STRESS

Stress can also have a positive effect, spurring motivation and awareness, providing the stimulation to cope with challenging situations.

Stress also provides the sense of urgency and alertness needed for survival when confronting threatening situations.

TYPES OF STRESSOR ENVIRONMENTAL

STRESSORS

PHYSIOLOGICAL

STRESSORS

SOCIAL STRESSORS

THOUGHTS

EFFECTS OF THE STRESSOR

Family reaction to

illness

Health and illness

Basic human need

FACTORS AFFECTING STRESS & ADAPTATION

THE SOURCE OF STRESS

Developmental stress

Situational stress

TYPES OF STRESSOR EXPERIENCED

Physiologic stressor

Psychological stressors

PERSONAL FACTORS

Sources

PERCEPTION

OF STRESS

Coping

mechanism

Balance

ADAPTATION TO STRESS(IMBALANCE )

ADAPTATION TO STRESS(BALANCE )

Perception of stress

Sources Coping

mechanism

Balance

PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS ADAPTATION

Mind body interaction Anxiety

Coping mechanisms

MIND BODY INTERACTION humans react to threats of danger as if they were

physiologic threats of a person perceives the threat on an emotional level& the body prepares itself to either resist the danger or to run away from it. Each person reacts in Backache

Constipation Diarrhea Dilated pupils Dry mouth Headache nausea Sleep disturbances

ANXIETY

MILD ANXIETY SEVERE

COPING MECHANISMS

COMPENSATION

DENIAL

DISPLACEMENT

INTROJECTION

PROJECTION

RATIONALIZATION

REACTION FORMATION

REPRESSION

SUBLIMATION

UNDOING

INTERVENTIONS TO REDUSE ANXIETY

a). Exercise:- Regular exercises help to maintain physical & emotional health.

b). Rest and sleep:- Rest and sleep helps the body to maintain homeostasis &

restore energy levels.

c). Nutrition:- It plays an important role in maintaining the body’s

homeostatic mechanisms & in increasing resistance to stress. Obesity & malnutrition are major stressors & greatly increase the risk of illness.

d). Encouraging the use of support system:- Support system provides emotional support that helps a

person identify & verbalize feelings associated with stress.

STESS AS A TRANSACTION BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL & THE ENVIRONMENT

PRECIPITATING EVENTPREDISPOSING FACTORSGENETIC INFLUENCEEXISTING CONDITION PAST EXPERIENCES

COGNITIVE APPRAISAL

PRIMARY IRRELEVANT BENIGN POSITIVE STRESS APPRAISAL NO RESPONSE PLEASURABLE RESPONSE HARM THREAT CHALLENGE  

SECONDARY

Availability of coping strategies Perceived effectiveness of coping strategies Perceived ability to use coping strategies effectively QUALITY OF RESPONSE ADAPTIVE MALADAPTIVE

STUART STRESS ADAPTATION MODEL 

PREDISPOSING FACTORS BIOLOGICAL PPSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIOCULTURAL 

PRECIPITATING STRESSORS NATURE ORIGIN TIMING NUMBER  APPRAISAL OF STRESSOR COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL SOCIAL  COPNING RESOURCES PERSONAL ABILITIES SOCIAL SUPPORT MATERIAL ASSETS POSITIVE BELIEFS 

COPING MECHANISMS 

CONSTRUCTIVE DESTRUCTIVE

CONTINUUM OF COPING RESPONSES 

ADAPTIVE MALADAPTIVE RESPONSE RESPONSE  

NURSING DIAGNOSIS

STRESS MANAGEMENT

MEDITATION

PROBLEM SOLVING

RELAXATION

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION WITH

CARING

PETS

MUSIC

AWARENESS