STRESS AND
ADAPTATIONZANKHANA RATHODF.Y. M.Sc.NURSING(2013-14)
INTRODUCTION: Stress is a part of life. Everyone
feels stress at one time or another. The experience of stress & the way one response to it are unique to each individual. The process of responding to stress is constant & dynamic & is essential to the person’s physical, emotional & social well being.
TERMINOLOGY:
STRESS “ It is a condition in which the human
system responds to changing in its normal balanced state .stress result from a change in the environment ,that is presided as a challenge a threat or a danger and can have both negative and positive effects.”
- Pender and Parsons (2006)
CONTI…
2) STRESSOR
“ stressor are themselves neither positive nor negative but they can have positive and negative effects as the persons responds to the changes.”
CONTI….
ADAPTATION
“ when person is in a threatening situation immediate response occur .those response are often involuntary ,are called coping response. The change that take places as a result of the responses to a stressor is adaptation .”
HOMEOSTASIS“The various physiologic
mechanism within the body responses to internal changes to maintain relative constancy in the internal environment is called homeostasis.”
PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS PSYCHOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS
PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS
Autonomic nervous system & the endocrine system primarily control homeostasis mechanisms.
self regulatory, occur without conscious thought, & usually function to correct abnormal conditions.
Short term & long term stress can threaten the physiologic homeostasis & result in illness,
TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS
LOCAL ADAPTATION RESPONSE
GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
LOCAL ADPTAVIE RESPONSE
THE REFLEX PAIN RESPONSE
THE INFLAMANTORY RESPONSE
GAENRAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
According to “Hans Selye” Three distinct stages:-
ALARM REACTION STAGESTAGE OF RESISTANCESTAGE OF EXHAUSTION
ALARM RESPONSE
This is the “ Fight or Flight” response that prepares the body for
immediate action
STAGE OF ADAPTATION / RESISTANCE PHASE
If the source persists, the body prepares for long-term protection, secreting hormones to increase blood sugar levels. This phase is common and not necessarily harmful, but must include periods of relaxation and rest to counterbalance the stress response. Fatigue, concentration lapses, irritability and lethargy result as the stress turns negative.
STAGE OF EXHAUSTION
In chronic stress situations, sufferers enter the exhaustion phase: emotional, physical and mental resources suffer heavily, the body experiences ‘ adrenal exhaustion’ leading to decreased stress tolerance, progressive mental and physical exhaustion, illness and collapse.
PSYCHOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS
Each person needs to feel loved & a sense of belonging, to feel safe & secure & to have self-esteem. When these needs are not met or a threat to need fulfillment occurs homeostatic measures in the form of coping or defense mechanisms help return the person to emotional balance.
TYPES OF STRESS
DISTRESS / DAMAGING STRESS / NEGATIVE STRESS
EUSTRSS / POSITIVE STRESS/STRESS THAT PROTECTS HEALTH
NEGATIVE STRESS
It is a contributory factor in minor conditions, such as headaches, digestive problems, skin complaints, insomnia and ulcers.
Excessive, prolonged and unrelieved stress can have a harmful effect on mental, physical and spiritual health.
POSITIVE STRESS
Stress can also have a positive effect, spurring motivation and awareness, providing the stimulation to cope with challenging situations.
Stress also provides the sense of urgency and alertness needed for survival when confronting threatening situations.
TYPES OF STRESSOR ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESSORS
PHYSIOLOGICAL
STRESSORS
SOCIAL STRESSORS
THOUGHTS
EFFECTS OF THE STRESSOR
Family reaction to
illness
Health and illness
Basic human need
FACTORS AFFECTING STRESS & ADAPTATION
THE SOURCE OF STRESS
Developmental stress
Situational stress
TYPES OF STRESSOR EXPERIENCED
Physiologic stressor
Psychological stressors
PERSONAL FACTORS
Sources
PERCEPTION
OF STRESS
Coping
mechanism
Balance
ADAPTATION TO STRESS(IMBALANCE )
ADAPTATION TO STRESS(BALANCE )
Perception of stress
Sources Coping
mechanism
Balance
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS ADAPTATION
Mind body interaction Anxiety
Coping mechanisms
MIND BODY INTERACTION humans react to threats of danger as if they were
physiologic threats of a person perceives the threat on an emotional level& the body prepares itself to either resist the danger or to run away from it. Each person reacts in Backache
Constipation Diarrhea Dilated pupils Dry mouth Headache nausea Sleep disturbances
ANXIETY
MILD ANXIETY SEVERE
COPING MECHANISMS
COMPENSATION
DENIAL
DISPLACEMENT
INTROJECTION
PROJECTION
RATIONALIZATION
REACTION FORMATION
REPRESSION
SUBLIMATION
UNDOING
INTERVENTIONS TO REDUSE ANXIETY
a). Exercise:- Regular exercises help to maintain physical & emotional health.
b). Rest and sleep:- Rest and sleep helps the body to maintain homeostasis &
restore energy levels.
c). Nutrition:- It plays an important role in maintaining the body’s
homeostatic mechanisms & in increasing resistance to stress. Obesity & malnutrition are major stressors & greatly increase the risk of illness.
d). Encouraging the use of support system:- Support system provides emotional support that helps a
person identify & verbalize feelings associated with stress.
STESS AS A TRANSACTION BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL & THE ENVIRONMENT
PRECIPITATING EVENTPREDISPOSING FACTORSGENETIC INFLUENCEEXISTING CONDITION PAST EXPERIENCES
COGNITIVE APPRAISAL
PRIMARY IRRELEVANT BENIGN POSITIVE STRESS APPRAISAL NO RESPONSE PLEASURABLE RESPONSE HARM THREAT CHALLENGE
SECONDARY
Availability of coping strategies Perceived effectiveness of coping strategies Perceived ability to use coping strategies effectively QUALITY OF RESPONSE ADAPTIVE MALADAPTIVE
STUART STRESS ADAPTATION MODEL
PREDISPOSING FACTORS BIOLOGICAL PPSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIOCULTURAL
PRECIPITATING STRESSORS NATURE ORIGIN TIMING NUMBER APPRAISAL OF STRESSOR COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL SOCIAL COPNING RESOURCES PERSONAL ABILITIES SOCIAL SUPPORT MATERIAL ASSETS POSITIVE BELIEFS
COPING MECHANISMS
CONSTRUCTIVE DESTRUCTIVE
CONTINUUM OF COPING RESPONSES
ADAPTIVE MALADAPTIVE RESPONSE RESPONSE
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
STRESS MANAGEMENT
MEDITATION
PROBLEM SOLVING
RELAXATION
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION WITH
CARING
PETS
MUSIC
AWARENESS