Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Tribal Groups of the Philippines
Socio-Anthropological Foundations in Transcultural Nursing
Prepared by: Hannah Lynn B. Enot, RN
• The Aeta live in the northern part of the Philippines on the island of Luzon.
• Crossed from the island of Borneo between 20-30,000 years ago, using a land bridge that was partially covered by water around 5,000 years ago.
• Traditionally a hunting/ gathering people, theAetas are still among the most skilledanywhere on earth in jungle survival.
Economic Activity
Manifacio De La Junta Florentino
Religion and Ceremonies
• Believe in a supreme being who rules over lesser spirits or deities and are also animists.
• Believe that good and evil spirits inhabit the environment, such as the spirits of the river, sea, sky, mountain, hill, valley and other places.
• Women perform a ceremony before gathering shellfish, which is meant as an apology to the sea for taking its children.
• Men dance before and after harvesting honey and hunting pigs.
Diet
• Aetas are master bee-keepers, keeping bee hives with their own techniques adopted by bee-keepers around the world.
• Meat eaters compared to most indigenous tribes in the area because they are situated in mountain regions, largely unsuitable for traditional farming.
• They eat to survive and will take whatever is available.
Health Beliefs and Practices
• Since one average Aetaonly gets to use a dozenor two of these naturalremedies in a lifetime, itis obvious that thepeople take pains tomemorize entire canonsof local herbs, roots andbarks and pass them onto their children.
• The Aetas have asuperior knowledgeof not only the ediblefauna and staples inthe forest but over ahundred medicinalherbs and theirapplications.
• They are also sought afterby lowlanders for the raremedicines they are able togather in the mountains.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
• Although the Aetas now have running water to use for bathing and laundry, it has not changed the way they maintain personal hygiene. – They change their clothes only after several days
of wear.
– Children are allowed to play on the ground barefoot and clad only in dirty shirts.
– Food is handled without handwashing, and soap is rarely used.
• Toilets are nonexistent in Canawan. Aetas defecate and
bury their stools in nearby fields. Remarkably, there have
been no reported major outbreaks of diarrheal
diseases in the area, the local perception being that they have become immune to diarrhea-causing germs.
Health status
• The Aetas believe that evil spirits are the usual cause of illness.
• They still practice a ritual called kagon, a form of spirit healing performed with dance, song, and guitar music to exorcise the dimonyo from ailing individuals.
• It is customary to wear a necklace of stringed pieces of sticks to ward off bad spirits like lamang-lupa, inhabitants of the earth believed to enter the body and cause disease.
• When an illness persists, the Aetas seek medical help at the local clinic
• COMMON DISEASES/ILLNESS:
– Malnutrition
– Measles
– Pneumonia
– Malaria
– Dengue
– Upper Respiratory Infections
Modern Adaptations
• Inter-marriage with Filipinos • Games of pool
and basketball
MALAYS
• The last immigrants from mainland Asia toreach the Philippines in prehistoric times werethe Malays in three distinct migratory waves.
• The Muslim Malays were in this third migratory wave, and their descendants became the Muslims of Mindanao and Sulu.
Physical Features
• Brown in complexion• Medium height• Slender but hardy and
supple bodies• Straight black hair• Dark brown eyes• Low noses• Scanty beards• Hair covering their bodies
was hardly noticeable.
Culture
• Decorated their bodies with intricate tattoo designs.
• They wore clothes of woven fabric and ornamented themselves with pearls, beads, glass, colored stones, and gold.
• Cultivated food crops, medicinal and ornamental plants, and fruit trees.
• Chewed betel nut and ate meat of domesticated animals.
Religion and Beliefs
• Religion was in the hands of the WOMEN.
• Basic belief: Everything in this world - a tree, river, roof, a season, had it's own ANITO , or SPIRIT.
• Believe that in nature spirits or DWENDE, supreme deities, such as DWATA and an ability to repel the naughty spirits, or MOMOH (ghost) with ANTING ANTING, or talismans.
Politics
• Rulers were called DATUS and BARANGAY or "community" culture respected other people's property, the more you had , the more likely you could become a DATU.
T’boli
T’boli
• The T'boli people live in the southern part of the province Cotabato, in the environment around lake Sebu, west of the city General Santos.
Culture and Practices
• The T'boli distinguish their selves, like all other "tribal Filipinos", by their colorful clothes and specific ornaments like rings, bracelets and earrings.
• The T'boli culture is richly connected with and inspired by nature; their dances are a mimic from the action of animals such as monkeys and birds.
• The T'nalak, the T'boli sacred cloth, made from abaca is the best known T'boli craft and is one of the tribes traditional textile
• The T'boli has a rich musical culture with a variety of musical instruments, but the T'boli music and songs are not meant for entertainment only.
Agriculture
• practiced the primitive way of agriculture "slash and burn“
• Rice, cassava and yams were the most important agricultural products.
• hunting or fishing for additional food.
• At present The T'boli live in the mountains. Agriculture is the only source of income.
Political System
• They call their leader Datu(or chieftain), who is usually sought for interpretation of T’bolicustoms and traditions, and in settling inter-tribal disputes. The position is not hereditary and to be elevated as a Datu, a T’bolimust have wisdom and an expansive grasp of their traditions.
Religion
• Only a few T'boli are Christian or Islamite.
• More than 95% of The T'boli people still has their animistic religion.
• Many still believe in spirits who live on several places in the natural environment.
Health Status and Practices
• COMMON DISEASES/ILLNESS:
– Malnutrition
– Cholera
– Upper Respiratory Infections
– Maternal death
– Neonatal death
• The T’bolies believed that illness is either caused naturally or cast by angered spirits.
• They seek the help of mewa nga(tribal healer) or m’tonbu(herbal healer/shaman). If the illness is lingering, a demsu(offering) will probably heal the patient.
• The Tagbanwa or Tagbanua, one of the oldest ethnic groups in the Philippines, can be mainly found in the central and northern Palawan.
• Tagbanwa are possible descendants of the TabonMan; thus, making them one of the original inhabitants of the Philippines. They are brown-skinned, slim and straight-haired ethnic group.
Economic Activity
• They cultivate rice in swidden or kaingin field that is intercropped with sweet potato, corn, and cassava.
• Those in the coastal areas indulge in fishing and exchange it with agricultural products for consumption. They also gather forest products such as gum, rattan, and honey for cash
• The highest potential source of income for the Tagbanwa are handicrafts particularly woodworking, mat making and basketry
Culture
• Tagbanwa live in compact villagesof 45 to 500 individuals. In 1987,there are 129,691 Tagbanwasliving in Palawan. At present,Tagbanwa tribe has an estimatedpopulation of over 10,000.
• Language: (Aborlan Tagbanwa,Calamian Tagbanwa, and CentralTagbanwa)
Health status
• COMMON DISEASES/ILLNESS:
– Malnutrition
– Measles
– Pneumonia
– Malaria
– Dengue
– Upper Respiratory Infections
Religion and Health Beliefs
• The Tagbanwa's relationship with the spirit world is the basis for their rituals, celebration, and dances
• Four major deities. The first, the lord of the heavens, was called Mangindusa. The god of the sea was named Polo. The god of the earth named Sedumunadoc. The fourth was called Tabiacoud, who lived, in the deep bowels of the earth.
• Significant Event in honor of their gods: Tagbanwa celebrated a big feast each year, right after harvest, when there is much singing, dancing, courting, and conclusion of blood compacts.
• Other spirits inhabit the forests and environment, and belief in their existence necessitates rituals to placate them or gain their favors. The babaylan performs rituals of life, from birth to death.
• Believe in two rituals that seek protection for all Tagbanua everywhere from the feared salakap (spirits of epidemic, sickness & death).
• The basic social unit of the Tagbanwas is their nuclear family composed of a married couple and their children.
• They live in houses that are made up of bamboo and wood for a strong frame, anahaw leaves for roof and walls, and bamboo slats for the flooring.
Badjao
• The Bajau have been a nomadic, seafaring people for most of their history.
• The precise origin of the Bajau is unknown.
• They chart particularly the waters of the Sulu Sea
• From old to young, the Bajau are a colorful, festive and musical people. They believe they are descended from royalty. This is perhaps partly why they wear such richly colorful clothes, the patadjong.
Culture• Brides and grooms wear
even more colorful clothing at their wedding. She will also receive dowry.
• Arranged marriages are common. Marriage by kidnap and elopement are also still quite frequent.
• RITUALS:
– Childbirth ritual
– Badjao leaders are the only ones who can consecrate a marriage
Economic Activity
• Seafaring Bajau make their living from fishing. Those who have abandoned that lifestyle have become farmers and cattle rearers.
• pursuit of trade, particularly in a sea cucumber species
• They come to shore to barter their harvests for farmed produce such as fruits, cassava as replenish supplies and repair their boats.
Health Status
• COMMON DISEASES/ILLNESS:
– SEVERE Malnutrition
– Bronchitis
– Pneumonia
– Upper Respiratory Infections
– Skin diseases
Health Beliefs and Practices
• In times of epidemics, the mediums are also called upon to remove illness causing spirits from the community.
• They do this by setting a spirit boat adrift in the open sea beyond the village.
Modern Influences
• Badjaos lost some of their heritage as some of their stories were never re-told to the next generation. The Bajau are also beginning to lose something of their identity as they integrate with their adopted, land-based communities.
• Even the most traditional, seafaring Bajau are losing their boat-building craft as they replace their hand-made lipa-lipa boats with commercially built, mass-produced ones.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
