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SICKNESS ABSENTEEISM

Presented by- Dr. Kunal

Guided by-Dr. Abhay Mudey

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PEDAGOGY

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Relation between illness, disease, and sickness Abscence

Sickness AbsenceDiseaseIllness

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Definitions

◊ Disease: is defined in terms of objective biological abnormalities in the structure and/or functions of bodily organs and systems

◊ Illness : is the personal subjective perception of unwellness. Therefore, if a person feels ill, they are ill

◊ Sickness: is derived from the concept of the “sick role”,

a role that carries certain privileges (to stay away from work), as well as obligations (to seek medical help and to ‘get well’).

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Incidence

◊ India has a working force of 5 million in registered

factories.

◊ Research undertaken by the National Productivity

Council (N.P.C) into absenteeism showed a marked

increase from around 8 to 13 per cent in early 1950s to

around 15 to 20 per cent or even more in recent years.

◊ The rate of absenteeism was reported to be 8 to 10 days

per head per year.

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Drivers of sickness absence

◊ Individual factors – personality and motivation; past

behaviour; sick role

◊ The ‘system’ – organizational culture and tolerability,

what is legitimate; sickness certification

◊ Non-work factors – life events and family pressures

◊ Work factors – absence as ‘coping’, job satisfaction,

chronic adverse features of work

◊ Commitment and involvement

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Absenteeism

◊ Absenteeism is a habitual pattern of absence from a duty or obligation

◊ The practice of regularly staying away from work or school without good reason

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Types of Absenteeism

◊ Voluntary

◊ Involuntary

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Voluntary

◊ An employee's deliberate or habitual absence from work (Sickie)

◊ Absence from the work,

without valid reason.

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Involuntary

Employees can be absent from work for severalreasons such as illness, death in the family ,and the personal reasons for absences are unavoidable and understandable, many employers have sick-leave policies that allow employees a certain number of paid absent days per year for these.

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Causes

◊ Long hours of work.◊ Bad working conditions.◊ Lack of co-operation and

understanding between management and workers.

◊ Sickness.◊ Accidents.◊ Occupational disease.

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Continued….◊ Low wages.◊ Lack of proper medical aid and health programs.◊ Lack of canteen services, rest rooms, etc.◊ Bad housing conditions.◊ Evil of drinking.◊ Lack of marketing facilities.◊ Social or religious festivals.◊ Marriages.◊ Education of children.◊ Problem of transport facilities.◊ Workers from rural areas go back to villages, for short or

long periods, during sowing & harvest season.19/05/2015

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EFFECT OF ABSENTEEISM

Labour absenteeism is a harmful to both the employee and the worker as follow:

◊ Normal work – flow in the factory is disturbed.◊ Overall production in the factory goes down.◊ Causal workers may have to be employed to meet

production schedules such worker is not trained properly.◊ Forceful unwilling replacement of employee.◊ Impede production with serious cost repercussions.

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CONTINUE….

◊ Overtime allowance will increases considerably because of higher absenteeism.

◊ When a number of workers absent themselves, there is extra pressure of work on their colleagues who are present.

◊ Workers lose wages for the unauthorized absence from work.

◊ Habitual absentees may be removed from service causing them great hardship.

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Controlling Absenteeism

Approaches can be used to reduce voluntary absenteeism:-

◊ Good factory management & Practices◊ Disciplinary approach◊ Positive reinforcement◊ Combination approach◊ No fault absenteeism◊ Paid time-off(PTO) programs

◊ Adequate pre-placement examination◊ Good human Relations◊ Application of ergonomics

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Disciplinary approach

Many employees use a disciplinary

approach .People who are absent the first time receive an oral warning,

but subsequent absences bring written warnings , suspensions

and finally dismissal.

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Positive reinforcement

Positive reinforcement includes such methods as giving cash, recognition, time off or other rewards for meeting attendance standards.

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Combination approach

Combination approaches ideally reward desired

behaviors and punish undesired behaviors. This

approach uses policies and discipline to punish

offenders and develops various programs and rewards

for employees with outstanding attendance.

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Paid time-off(PTO) Programs:

◊ Some employers have a paid time-off (PTO) program in which vacation time, holidays, and sick leave for each employee are combined into a PTO account .Employee use days from their accounts at their discretion for illness, personal time, or vacation.

◊ If employees run out of days in their accounts, then they are not paid to for any additional days missed.

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Method to evaluate Sickness absenteeism

Bradford Factor or Similar Trigger Mechanisms◊ B = (SxS) x D◊ B = Bradford Score◊ S = number of instances of absence in set period◊ D = number of days absence in set period◊ Eg. one instance of 10 days absence = 10 points / 10

instances of 1 day absences = 1000 points◊ Strength:- Can be at level where employer deems

absence levels unacceptable◊ Weakness:- Can not be effectively used at causes like; disability, dependant care leave

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Summary

◊ The workplace offers the opportunity to promote and

improve the health of employees and their families

◊ The drivers for ill-health are not always the same as the

drivers for absence

◊ We need a better understanding of the causes of

sickness absence so these can be managed in a

proactive manner

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References

◊http://www. hse.gov.uk/aboutus/occupational-desease/the facts◊Jay’s Text Book of Occupational Diseases◊AFMC TEXTBOOK OF PSM

◊ Anders Wikman, Staffan Marklun d, Kristina Alexanderson, et al.Illness, disease, and sickness absence: an empirical test ofdifferences between concepts of ill health

◊ Muntaner C, Borrell C, Vanroelen C, et al. Employmentrelations, social class and health: a review and analysis ofconceptual and measurement alternatives. Soc Sci Med2010

◊ Jill Blagden, Mowlem Aqumen, et al. Dealing with Employee Absenteeism & Poor Performance

◊ Sickness Absence Management – Policy and Procedure by University Of Essex

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Effective absence management is about creating work environments where employees are less likely to

wake up and think 'I don't feel like going in to work

today' - David Grech MD

Medicare

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THANK YOU

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