Aggression And ViolenceBy Heba EssawyProf. Psychiatry

Definition Aggression refers to behavior between

members that is : Can be phycical or emotional. Intended to cause pain or harm. People can avoid such treatment or

may fight back.

Violence and Excitement Violence : Aggression by force.- Formed of destructive behavior that can

endanger life or produce adverse effects on victims .

Excitement : ↑ psychomotor activity in psychiatric problem.

Forms Of Aggression Aggresion has a defensive behavior is

not normally considered "aggression.“ Forms of aggression: ** Physical. **Mental. **Verbal.

Situation Producing Aggression

Toxic and organic state (Substance abuse ).

Developmental Disability. Florid Psychosis. Conduct Disorder. Psychological Stress.

Predictors Of Aggression Enjoy in watching or inflicting harm. Self View as Victim. Childhood Deprivation. Early Loss of parents. Prior Violent Act. Fire Setting , cruelty to animals.

MODELS OF AGGRESSION Biological Basis of Aggression Anatomical. Biological. chromosomal Psychological Psychoanalytical Humanistic Social Learning theory

Biological Basis of Aggression

A) Anatomical Basis ( Neural Substrates): - Limbic System. - Amygdala. - Temporal Lobe. - Hypothalamus. - RAS. - Cerebral Cortex( modulate agg.

Behavior).

LIMBIC SYSTEM MODELCORTEX

↓RAS↓↓

Hippocampus Amygdala for

For relaxation fight▼ ▼

Hypothalamus

Neurotransmitters ♦ 5HT → Impulsive Bebavior.

♦NE → Arousal

♦DA→ Psychomotor agitation.

♦GABA → Disinhibition

Neuroendocrinal

♦Estrogen → ↓aggression in Receptive period.

♦Progesterone → Increase aggression. ♦Prolactin → Increase aggression( birds). ♦ ACTH → Modulate aggression.

♦Testosterone → Increase aggressive.

♦Thyroid Hormones→ Increase aggression

Psychological Model

1- Psychoanalytic Theory 2- Humanistic theory. 3-Social Learning Theory.

Psychoanalytic Theories Aggression as an instinctive behavior ♦ Freudian: * Human behavior stemmed

from interplay between two basic Instincts:

►Eros ( life , sex, reproduction).

► Thanatos( Death ,

aggression).

Psychoanalytic Theories Aggression developed during : _ Oral Phase : pleasure of bitting . _ Fixation Of Instincts(enforce toilet

training) : _ Impaired superego.

Psychoanalytic Theories Impaired mother child relationship: _ punitive Parents. _ Sex Difference. _ Socio – economic Factors.Comments: * Catharsis: discharge of Thanatos. * Aggression is inevitable, Innate .

Psychoanalytic Theories Lorenz s view - Fighting Instincts during evolution

to Protect Human territory. - Direct Behavior → Creativity &

mastering. - Love & friendship can block

aggression. ♣optimistic, can be rechallenged to

non injurious acts as love, friendship

Psychoanalytic Theories Addller s View: - Striving for Superiority. - perfection. Mc Dougall s View :( instinct) - replace physical aggression to

sarcastic smiles, Polished insulting words.

* If fails , individual regerss to primitive way of behavior.

Humanistic Theory Aggression is

1-A Product Of Frustration

2- resulting of blocking goal in life .

SO, Frustration → arousal of drive → Harming persons or objects.

Humanistic Theory

Basic Concepts ( Drive theory ) - Is elicited drive depends on external factors as pain humiliation loss of faith

Humanistic Theory2- Frustration – Aggression theory

**Arise from deprivation from basic human needs (Maslow).

- To Control : Accepting environment.

Fulfill basic needs. NO humiliation.

→→ AGGRESSION is evitable through satisfaction of basic needs.

Social learning Theory Albert Bandura s View: - Learned behavior . - Reinforced by rewards. - Not born with repertoire of

aggression - Acquired through past experience .

Determinants of aggression SOCIAL DETERMINANTS Frustration Direct Provocation Media Violence Environmental Determinants.

Situational Determinants.

Social determinants

Media Violence: Disinhibition . Desensitization. Arousal of Aggressive feeling. Encouragement Of Risk Taking. ↑ exposure to violent material will ↑violent

fantasies.

Television Violence

Has a short – term stimulation effect on aggressive behavior.

Portrays the world as a more hostile place.

Justified Violence. Cues aggressive ideas in children.

Social Determinants Relies on :1. Role Modeling .2. Identification.3. Human Interaction. Learned By : * Imitation. * Reinforced

Enviromental Determinants Air Pollution: *Exposure to noxious odors . * Chemical plants. Noise. Crowding . Heat.

Situational Determinants Heightened Physiological Arousal: - Stress. - Anxiety. - Participation in Competitive Activities. - Vigorous Exercise. - Exposure to Pain .

Prevention & Control Of Aggression

Punishment. Catharsis. Social Skill Training. Induction Of Incompatible Behavior:1. Empathy.2. Humor.3. Cognitive Task

Pharmacotherapy

- Drugs promote Serotonin. - Drugs block dopamine (↓drive & motivation for

aggression). - Antiepileptic (↓Kindling). - Mood stabilizer( Lithium ). - Hormonal treatment. - Psychosurgery

THANK S

CONTROL OF AGGRESSION

1- OPTIMISTIC VIEW: * Behavioral Therapy * Behavioral Cognetive Therapy.

2- Pessimistic view: * Observational. * Disinhibition . * Desensitization.

How aggression begins ? Conditions producing aggressive

impulses. Person have violent thoughts or

fantasies. If loose control, thoughts become acts.

COGNITIVE THEORY - Obtaining , organizing and using

intellectual knowledge . - Mental operation & store bits in memory

to be retrived. - relies on understanding. - Understanding the connection between

cause and effect.

Situational Factors Sexual Arousal: * Depend on the erotic material . * Erotica are mild → Aggression is

low. * If Explicit ----------→ Aggression is

high. Pain: *Arouse agg. Drive. * Aggression to any target.

DEFINITION♣ Forms of Aggression : ∂. Tendency to be physically

assaultive : violence & force. ∂. Indirect expressed hostility. ∂. Verbally expressed anger. ∂. Humors. ∂. Rumors.

THANK s

Chromosomal Abnormalities Twin Studies

Chromosomal influence.

In inborn error in metabolism.

Genetically determined diseases.

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS

Frustration: Aggression Always stems from frustration.

Direct Provocation:

- Physical or Verbal Abuse. once begins Unsetting pattern of

Escalation.

Defensive mechanism.

Projection . Narcissism. Repression. Introjection . Displacement.

Can We Predict Aggression ? Personal Factor :

Frequent Threats. Access to instrument Of Violence. Chronic Anger and Hostility .