PRESENTATION 3

BYYVETTE GHAM

The combining form dermat/o refers to skin. Using it to write the term that means:

1. Inflammation of the skin is called dermatitis2. Any abnormal skin condition is called

dermatosis3. An instrument for cutting the skin is called

dermatome4. specialist in skin is a dermatologist.5. Study of the skin is dermatology

The combining form melan/o means black. Using it to write term that means:

1. Black tumor is melanoma.2. Black cell is melanocyte. the suffix derma means skin. Using it to write

a term3. Scaly skin is called ichthyoderma4. White skin is called leukoderma5. Red skin is called erythroderma

The combining form onych/o refers to the nail. Using it o write a term that means:

1. Softening of the nail is onychomalacia.2. Infection around the nail is called paronychia3. Nail eating is onychophagia4. Removal of nail is called onychectomy

Melanoma

• Melanoma is a typical malignant tumor of melanocyte .• It is a less common type of skin cancer but is

responsible for a minority of skin cancer related deaths. However if diagnosed earlier, it could be curable.

• About 6000 new cases of invasive melanoma are diagnosed in the united states every year, more frequently in males and in Caucasians especially those living in sunny climates and those utilizing tanning salons.

melanoma

• Treatment include surgical removal of tumor, adjuvant treatment, chemo and immunotherapy and radiation therapy.

Causes of melanoma

• Genetics –familial melonoma is gentically heterogenous and loci for familial melanoma have beenidentified on chromosome arm.

• Today melanoma is diagnose only after they become visible on the skin but hopefully in the future, physicians will be able to detect it based on a patient’s genotype and not just his/her phenotype.

Causes of melanoma• Ultraviolent radiation from sunlight and tanning beds Diagnosis• To detect melanoma, it is recommended to follow the ABCDE rules A- Asymmetrical skin lesion B- Border of lesion is irregular C- Color: melanoma usually have multiple colors. D- Diameter: mole greater than 6mm are more likely to be

melanoma E- Enlarging or evolving• Show any suspicious mole to the doctor

Photo of melanoma

Melanoma

Melanoma staging

• Stage 0: melanoma is situ with 99.9 percent chances of survival.

• Stage 1: invasive melanoma with 85-99 percent chances of survival.

• Stage 2: high risk melanoma with 40-85 percent chances of survival.

• Stage 3: regional metastasis with 25-60 percent survival chances.

Melanoma staging

• Stage 4: distant metastasis with 9-15 chances of survival.

Prevention of melanoma

• Minimizing exposure to source of UV radiation. • People with family history of cancer should see

a physician at least ones a year. Management of melanoma• Clinical diagnosis is either done with an excision

skin biopsy or a full thickness sampling with punch skin biopsy.

Management of melanoma

• Excision of tumor• High risk melanomas require Adjuvant

treatment.• Chemotherapy and immunotherapy• Radiation therapy is often used after surgical

resection for patients with local or regional advanced melanomas or for patients with distant metastases

Dermatitis

• It means inflammation of the skin.• There are several types and the different kinds

usually have in common, an allergic reaction to specific allergens.

• In most cases, early stage is characterized by itchy skin although acute attacks may result in crusty scales or blisters that ooze fluid.

Types

1 Contact dermatitis: this causes the skin to develop pink or red rash which itches.

- It is difficult to point out the exact cause.- Among plants, the leading culprits are poison

ivy.- Contact with some flowers and fruit can cause

dermatitis.- Common chemical irritants include nail polish

remover, detergent .

types

2 Nummular dermatitis : consist of distinct shape red plaquesthat are most common seen on the legs, hand, arm and torso.

• It is more common in men than women• Peak age of onset is between 55 to 65.3 Atopic dermatitis: causes the skin to itch and

swell.• Also known as eczema

Types

• Often associated with allergies4 Seborrheic dermatitis: consist of greasy

yellowish scaling on the scalp and other hairy areas.

• It is called cradle cap in infants.5 Stasis dermatitis: caused by poor circulation.• Could be found in people with heart failure.• Leads to irritation especially around the ankles.

Photo view of dermatitis

dermatitis

Causes of dermatitis

• Allergies• Genetic factors• Different types are based on particular factors

that trigger skin reaction. E.g. Laundry detergent, cleansing products, allergens such as rubber, metal, and perfumes.

• Some are caused by stress and neurological condition such as pakinson disease,

Symptoms

• Symptoms vary with different conditions.• They range from skin rash to blisters.• Common signs include redness of skin,

swelling, itching, skin lesion and sometimes oozing and scaring.

Treatment of dermatitis

• Treatment is made according to particular cause.

• Corticosteroid creams are used most of the times.

• Antihistamines can be used to avoid itches• Non steroidal medication may help relieve

sign and symptoms.

onychophagia

• Also known as nail biting: it is a common oral compulsive habit in children and adults affecting about 30 percent of children between 7 and 10yrs and 45 percent of teenagers

• Results to destruction of fingernail. Causes • Obsessive compulsive disorder.

Causes

• Self soothing in times of stress• Boredom• Perfectionist as they spend their time

examining their nails for the tiniest irregularity with the hope of fixing it.

Medication• Antidepressant. • Natural remedies.

Photo view of onyphagia

Photo of onychophagia

Photo of a person with nail biting syndrome.

Medication

• Psychotherapy which involves different techniques like habit reversal, self monitoring, stimulus control and competing response(give a person alternative to nail biting. Eg fidget toy)

Erythroderma

• Also known as expholiative dermatitis• It is an inflammatory skin disease with

erythema and scaling that effects the entire cutaneous surface.

Causes • Dermatitis especially atopic dermatitis may lead

to a condition of erythroderma• Psoriasis may cause skin infection which in turn

cause erythroderma.

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Causes of erythroderma

• Cutaneous T cell may lymphoma may affect the skin, thus cause erythroderma.

• Bacterial or viral infection such as streptococcus infection.

• Low calcium• Hereditary

Symptoms of erythroderma

• Red skin patches is the initial symptom• Hyperkeratosis may be seen• Long standing erythroderma is often associated

with hair loss and nail shedding.• Hypothermia• Dehydration• Increase in the level of uric acid• Feeling cold• Cardiac fluid high output

Symptoms of erythroderma

Treatment of erythroderma

• Maintain skin moisture• Dithranol should be used to apply on the skin• Topical steroid may also be helpful in some

cases.• A sedative antihistamine may be used for itchy

patients.• Hospitalization for supportive care include

intravenous fluid and temperature regulation.

References

• Human anatomy and physiology Elaine N Marieb. 8th edition

• Medical terminology: A living language bonnie F Fremgen.

• www.google.com• An introduction to system biology

Campbell/hall