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PRUDELEINE F. OBIENA, R.N., PAD
Infest the intestine
hookworm, roundworm,
pinworm, and tapeworm
Causes faulty digestion,
intestinal inflammation,
intestinal obstruction, and
anemia
Small, less than 1 cm (0.3 in) long
Have teeth that hook the head into
the mucosa and enable it to gain
nourishment from the blood
Transmitted by:
a. soil contaminated with the larvae
that comes in contact with the
skin (eg, when a person walks
barefoot)
b. Contaminated food or water that
is ingested
Hookworm eggs are passed in
the feces of an infected person. If
an infected person defecates
outside (near bushes, in a
garden, or field) or if the feces
from an infected person are used
as fertilizer, eggs are deposited
on soil.
Once in the body, the larvae are carried by the blood
to the lungs. They then pass into the throat and are
swallowed, thus reaching the intestines. Here the
female hookworm lays about 30,000 eggs a day.
These pass from the body as waste, hatching into
larvae on the ground in one or two days.
o Itching and a localized rash are often the first
signs of infection. These symptoms occur
when the larvae penetrate the skin.
o A person with a light infection may have no
symptoms.
o A person with a heavy infection may
experience abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of
appetite, weight loss, fatigue and
anemia. The physical and cognitive growth of
children can be affected.
Do not walk barefoot in areas where
hookworm is common and where there
may be fecal contamination of the soil.
Avoid other skin-to-soil contact and avoid
ingesting such soil.
Do not use human feces as fertilizer.
Do not defecating outdoors and by
effective sewage disposal systems.
Longer than hookworms, 25 cm (10
in)
Cylindrically shaped body
Enters the body through
contaminated food or drink
Children are more prone to
contracting the worm since they often
play in dirt and then put their hands
into their mouth
SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN:
nervousness and irritability
colic
poor or ravenous appetites
failure to thrive
allergic reactions
dry or wheezing cough,
restlessness at night
itching or irritation of the nose or anus
oral pallor
lactose intolerance
Malnutrition (characteristic of a heavy ascaris
infection because the worms compete for the
nutrients.)
ADULTS can exhibit vague
symptoms including the
following:
abdominal pain
edema of the lips
allergic reactions
insomnia
anorexia
weight loss
HOW TO PREVENT AN INFESTATION OF
ROUNDWORMS Practice good hygiene.
Wash your hands often, especially after handling any animals, handling
feces of any kind, using the toilet (home or public), or when out of the
country.
Do not eat undercooked beef, pork, or fish.
Wash all utensils and surfaces that come in contact with raw
beef, pork, or fish with antibacterial soap.
Change bed linens and towels daily.
Always wear shoes in soiled areas.
Keep cats and dogs away from children's play areas.
Make sure to have dogs and cats dewormed.
Make sure all fruits and vegetables are washed thoroughly before eating
them.
Dispose of garbage and waste properly in specified areas.
Drink bottled or boiled water (one minute), and do not drink fountain
drinks.
1.2 cm (0.5 in) long
Most common worm parasite
infesting children
Female pinworms moves through
the anal opening at night
deposits ova in the surrounding
area itchy scratching
contamination of the fingernails
reinfection by mouth
Pinworms enter the body by
swallowing or inhaling the
eggs. The eggs are very
resiliant and can live on your
skin, cloths and toys for
example, for up to two weeks!
The best way to keep from getting
pinworms is to wash your hands with
warm, soapy water before you eat, after
you play outside, and after you use the
toilet.
Try to keep your fingernails short and
clean, and don't scratch around your
bottom or bite your nails.
Because pinworm eggs can hang around
in clothes, be sure to change your
underwear every day and always put on a
clean pair.
Flat, segmented, large worms
10 inches long
Suckers embed the head into
the intestinal mucosa
Commonly transmitted by
uncooked beef or pork
upper abdominal discomfort
diarrhea
loss of appetite
Anemia may develop in people with the fish tapeworm
Rarely, worms may cause obstruction of the intestine
And very rarely, T. solium larvae can migrate to the brain causing severe headaches, seizures and other neurological problems. This condition is called neurocysticercosis. It can take years of development before the patient has those symptoms of the brain.