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Cancer
Introduction to cancer
In this section you will learn what is cancer ….
Cancer – a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
Neoplasm – new growth of tissue that serves no physiological function
Tumor – clumping of neo-plasmic cells Malignant - cancerous Benign - noncancerous Biopsy – microscopic examination of cell
development
What Is Cancer?
Metastasis – malignant tumors that are not enclosed in a protective capsule have the ability to spread to other organs
Mutant cells – disruption of RNA and DNA within normal cells may produce cells that differ in form, quality and function from the normal cell
What Is Cancer? – cont.
Carcinomas (cells that cover internal and external body surfaces)
Types of Cancers
LungBreast
Colon
BladderProstate (Men)
Leukemia(Blood Cells)Lymphomas(Lymph nodes &tissues)
SarcomasCells in supportive tissues – bones & muscles
Signs and symptoms of cancer
In this section you will get to know the signs and symptoms of cancer…
Change in bowel habits or bladder functions
Sores that do not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Lumps or thickening of parts of the body Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Recent change in wart or mole Persistent coughing or hoarseness
Signs and Symptoms of Cancer
Causes of cancerIn this section you will learn the factors that cause cancer…
What Causes Cancer?
Lifestyle
Environment
Family History
Cancer arises from the mutation of a normal gene. Mutated genes that cause cancer are called
oncogenes. It is thought that several mutations need to occur
to give rise to cancer Cells that are old or not functioning properly
normally self destruct and are replaced by new cells.
However, cancerous cells do not self destruct and continue to divide rapidly producing millions of new cancerous cells.
What causes cancer?
Lifestyle Risks Smoking
Diet high fat and low infruits and vegetables
Lack of exercise
Unprotected exposure to the sun, (UV) rays
Obesity
Inherited Risks Less than 15% of
cancers are inherited Gene mutations are
linked to some inherited cancers
Cancers that may be caused by inherited gene mutations are:◦ Colon cancer◦ Breast cancer◦ Ovarian◦ Prostate cancer◦ Skin cancer
Environmental Risks
Second hand smoke Air pollution Industrial pollution Chemical exposures
Skin Cancer The ABCD’s of melanoma (skin
cancer):
◦ Asymmetry: one half is not like the other
◦ Border: the edges are jagged or irregular
◦ Color: the color is varied, tan, red, black etc.
◦ Diameter: the diameter is larger than 8mm (the top of a pencil eraser)
A
B
C
D
Ionising radiation – X Rays, UV light
Chemicals – Tar from cigarettes
Virus infection – Papilloma virus can be responsible for cervical cancer.
Hereditary predisposition – Some families are more susceptible to getting certain cancers. Remember you can’t inherit cancer its just that you maybe more susceptible to getting it.
Carcinogens
Being overweight or obese increases risk of several cancers including colon and breast
Two – thirds of men and half of women in Britain are overweight
An estimated 13,000 cases of cancer could be prevented each year in the UK if no one had BMI greater than 25
Overweight, Obesity and Cancer Risk
Sodium nitrate when ingested forms a potential carcinogen, nitrosamine
Sodium nitrate is still used because it is effective in preventing botulism
Pesticide and herbicide residues
Chemicals In Foods
Statistics
Factors Believed to Contribute to Global Causes of Cancer
Incidence MortalityTotal Cancer
12 Million 7.6 Million
Developed Countries 5.4 Million 2.9 Million
Developing Countries
6.7 Million 4.7 Million
GLOBAL PROBLEM OF CANCER
COMMON CANCERS : GLOBALMales Females
Developed Developing Developed Developing
Prostate Lung Breast Breast
Lung Stomach * Colorectal Cervix *
Colorectal Liver * Lung Stomach *
* Related to Infection
All the three common cancers above ( both developed & Developing) are also leading causes of cancer death.15 % of all cancers – infection related ( 3 times more in developing countries)
Deaths from infectious diseases Childhood mortality Longevity Adoption of Western Life style
◦ Cigarette Smoking◦ Higher consumption of saturated fat◦ Consumption of Calorie dense foods◦ Physical activity
Survival rates poorer in developing countries (lack of availability of early detection and treatment services)
CANCER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Estimated Population : 1,048 million Estimated New Cancer Cases : 9.50 lakhs
4.3 Males 5.2 Females
Estimated Tobacco Related Cancer : 2,66,000 Estimated Breast Cancer : 1,15,251 Estimated Cervix Cancer : 1,34,420 (27% of world burden)
CANCER PROBLEM IN INDIA
Avoiding Cancer..In this section you will see how cancer can be prevented..
Avoid Smoking or Chewing Tobacco
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the US
Second hand smoke affects everyone
Fruits and Vegetables Decrease Cancer Risks
Cancer rates could decline by up to 20% if everyone consumed 5 fruits and vegetables a day!*
Cancer fighting substances:◦ Antioxidants◦ Dietary fiber◦ Arytenoids◦ Flavanoids
*American Institute for Cancer Research, 1998.
Limit Alcohol to No More Than
Men – 2 drinks per day
Women - 1 drink per day
Reduce Your Skin Exposure to the Sun
Limit time outside, between 10 a.m. & 4 p.m.
Wear protective clothing. Use wide-brimmed hats and sunglasses.
Prevent sunburns, especially for children under 18. Use waterproof sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher. Reapply as directed.
Avoid tanning beds.
Be Active…Often Exercise for 30 minutes
or more at least 4 days a week.
186,550The number of lives that could be saved each year if we ate a
healthy diet and exercised regularly186,550
The number of lives that could be saved each year with
no tobacco
Thank you !