iodine is necessary for the formation of thyroid hormones (T-4 and T-3)

deficiency of iodine is manifested by a goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland)

to prevent the development of endemic goiter, tablet salt has been spiked with sodium iodide

The total iodine content of the body is 20-30mg.

80% present in THYROID GLAND. 1% as iodide ions 20-25% incorporated in thyroid hormones. Thyroglobulin

PLASMA IODINE 4-10micrograms/100ml INORGANIC or filterable ionic form.(5%) ORGANIC or hormonal iodine.Protein bound

iodine(PBI).3.5-8 micrograms/100ml.

DIETARY REQUIREMENT AND SOURCES: 1OO-150micrograms/day.

Drinking water,sea foods,vegetables fruits(grown on seaboard)

High altitudes are deficient in iodine content.

IODINE DEFICIENCYSIMPLE COLLOID ENDEMIC GOITER:

BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS: Mostly found in bones and teeth. Prevents dental caries,Forms a protective layer of

acid resistant fluoroapatite with hydroxy apataite of the enamel and prevents the tooth decay by bacterial acids.

Inhibitor of several enzymes,inhibit bacterial enzymes,Sodium fluoride inhibits enolase(of glycolysis),fluroacetate inhibits aconitase(TCA cycle)

Fluoride is important for proper development of bones.

DIETARY REQUIREMENT AND SOURCES: Less than 2ppm of fluoride will meet the

daily requirement. Drinking water is the main source.the

optimum fluoride content of the drinking water is placed at 1-2ppm.Plant source include spinach,onions and lettuce.

95% fluoride in the body is present in calcified tissues.

Fluoride supplementation is available in both oral and topical forms: Oral: mainly sodium fluoride Topical: either sodium or stannous fluoride

DISEASE STATESDENTAL CARIES. Drinking water containing less than 0.5 ppm

fluoride is associated with the development of dental caries in children.

DENTALFLUOROSIS An intake greater than 5ppm in children

causes mottling of enamel and discoloration of teeth.

Intake greater than 20ppm is toxic and causes pathological changes in bones.

Hypercalcification increases the density of bones of limbs,pelvis and spine.

Ligaments of collagen and spine get calcified. Skeletal flurosis.

15mg-Total body contentt. Liver and kidney are rich in manganese. Mainly found in nuclei in association with

nucleic acids.

BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS. Cofactor for several enzymes,arginase,pyruvate

carboxylase,Isocitrate dehydrogenase,superoxide dismutase(mitochondrial) and peptidase.

Necessary for the synthesis of mucoplysaccharides and glycoproteins.

Hb synthesis Inhibits lipid peroxidation. Cholesterol biosynthesis.

Tea is a rich source of Mn. 5-20μg/dl. Transmagnanin.

MOLYBDENUM. Xanthine oxidase. Widely distributed in natural foods.

COBALT Only important as a constituent of vitamin

B12. Administration of cobalt stimulates the

production of erythropoietin.