Male CancersPresented by:Jhon Mar Lopez BellosAAPD2A – Class ‘10-’11PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

Cancer class of diseases in which a group of

cells display uncontrolled growth, invasion that intrudes upon and destroys adjacent tissues, and sometimes metastasis, or spreading to other locations in the body via lymph or blood. These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which do not invade or metastasize.

PROSTATE CANCER

TESTICULAR CANCER

PENILE CANCER

Prostate Cancer

Definition A cancer that develops in the prostate, a

gland in the male reproductive system. Most are slow growing. Cancer cells may spread to the other

parts of the body: Bones Lymph Nodes

Etiology Factors implicated in the development

of the cancer: Genetics Diet Viral

Signs and Symptoms Early prostate cancer usually causes no

symptoms. Often diagnosed with elevated Prostate-

specific Antigen (Protein). Frequent urination Nocturia Hematuria Dysuria

Advanced prostate cancer can spread and cause additional symptoms: Bone pain

Vertebrae Pelvis Ribs Femur

Methods of Control Monitoring of tumor progress or

symptoms. Radical Prostatectomy. Radiation Therapy Chemotherappy

Prevention and Control Exercise Proper Diet More frequent ejaculation (though other

studies have shown no benefit.) Having elevated levels of long-chain

Omega-3 Fatty Acids.

Program for Prevention The Philippine Cancer Control Program,

begun in 1988, is an integrated approach utilizing primary, secondary and tertiary prevention in different regions of the country at both hospital and community levels. Six leading cancers (lung, breast, liver, cervix, oral cavity, colon and rectum) are discussed.

Screening Procedure Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)

Usually done first. For any man over 50 or 40. With urinary problems or not.

You may be asked to bend over a table or to lie on your side holding your knees close to your chest. The doctor slides a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum and feels the part of the prostate that lies next to it. You may find the DRE slightly uncomfortable, but it is very brief. This exam tells the doctor whether the gland has any bumps, irregularities, soft spots, or hard spots that require additional tests. If a prostate infection is suspected, the doctor might massage the prostate during the DRE to obtain fluid for examination under a microscope. 

Testicular Cancer

Definition A cancer that develops in the testicles. Most common among males aged 15-

40. Highest cure rates of all cancers.

Etiology More than 95% are Germ Cell Tumors. 5% are sex cord-gonadal stromal

Tumors.

Signs and Symptoms a lump in one testis which may or may

not be painful. sharp pain or a dull ache in the

lower abdomen or scrotum. a feeling often described as "heaviness"

in the scrotum. low back pain (lumbago) tumor spread

to the lymph nodes along the back.

shortness of breath (dyspnea), cough or coughing up blood (hemoptysis) from metastatic spread to the lungs.

a lump in the neck due to metastases to the lymph nodes.

Methods of Control Three Basic Types:

Surgery Radiation Therapy Chemotherapy

Prevention and Control Unfortunately, testicular cancer is a type of

cancer that can't easily be prevented. There are simply no proven prevention methods. 

With most cancers, the best method of prevention is to avoid the risk factors. There is no way to avoid the risk factors for testicular cancer because most are out of the person's control, like age, race, and conditions occurring at birth.

Risk Factors: Having had an undescended testicle. Having had abnormal development of the

testicles. Having a personal or family history of

testicular cancer. Having Klinefelter's syndrome. Being white.

Program for Prevention No formal prevention programs exist

for testicular cancer.

Screening Procedure  Generally, patients are checked

frequently by their doctor and have regular blood tests to measure tumor marker levels. They also have regular x-rays and computed tomography, also called CT scans or CAT scans (detailed pictures of areas inside the body created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine).

Men who have had testicular cancer have an increased likelihood of developing cancer in the remaining testicle. Patients treated with chemotherapy may have an increased risk of certain types of leukemia, as well as other types of cancer. Regular follow-up care ensures that changes in health are discussed and that problems are treated as soon as possible.

Penile Cancer

Definition Can occur anywhere along the penile

shaft, but most are on the foreskin or head (glans).

Usually a slow-growing cancer and is curable if discovered early.

Etiology A disease of poor hygiene. Higher on men who are not circumcised.

Signs and Symptoms Begins as a raised lump or lesion on the

penis. It can begin more as an area of

unexplained change in the color of the skin.

Methods of Control Chemotherapy Surgical Therapy Lymphadenectomy Radiation therapy:

External beam radiation therapy Brachytherapy

Prevention and Control Proper Hygiene Circumcision

Risk Factors: Smoking increases your risk factor for

penile cancer. Age and Gender Being infected with AIDS virus

Program for Prevention Department of Surgery and the

Philippine General Hospital (PGH) - Operation Tule Not conducted anymore.

Screening Procedure In order to determine if an abnormality

on the penis is cancer, a biopsy is needed in which a sample of skin tissues is removed for laboratory testing. If cancer is confirmed, tests to determine the extent of the cancer will be recommended, including:

Fine needle aspiration. A type of biopsy in which cells are removed through a thin needle that has been placed directly into the mass.

Ultrasound. This procedure uses sound waves to help determine how deeply a tumor has invaded into the penis.

CT Scan or MRI. A CT scan or MRI may reveal the presence of enlarged lymph nodes - an indication that the cancer has spread.