Ergonomic criteria for the design of pacifiers, Ergonomics2013 Zadar

Thomas Stüdeli, 13 June 2013, Ergonomics 2013, Zadar, CRO 1

Ergonomic criteria for

the design of pacifiers


Ergonomic criteria for

the design of pacifiers


Thomas StüdeliEducation• M.Sc., Environmental Sciences,

ETH Zurich (1998)

• Master of Advanced Studies in

Work and Health, ETH Zurich &

University of Lausanne (2002)

• Ph.D. in visual ergonomics, ETH

Zurich (2005)

• Post-Doc, Faculty of Industrial

Design Engineering, TU Delft, the

Netherlands (2006-2009)

Certificats

• European Ergonomist Eur.Erg.

(CREE, IEA)

• Occupational Hygienist (SOHA,

IOHA)

Work Experience• 1999-2002 Research and Teaching

Assistant at Applied Vision Research

Group of Institute of Hygiene and Applied Physiology ETH Zurich

• 2002-2006 Occupational hygienist and ergonomist in consultancy

• 2004-2005 Course manager MAS Work + Health, ETH Zurich

• 2006-2011 R&D project leader (product developments, medical

devices)

• 2011- Consultant in ergonomics /

human factors engineering

www.hf-engineering.ch


Agenda

Introduction

– Harmonized Standard

EN 1400-1: 2002

– European directive on

general product safety

2001/95/EC Design

elements

– Historical background

1. Introduction

2. Ergonomic analysis

3. Ergonomic criteria

4. Further steps


European Standard CSN EN 1400-1: 2002 - Child use and care articles - Soothers for babies and young children - Part 1: General safety requirements and product information

Directive 2001/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on General Product Safety, 2001 O.J. L.


General safety requirements and test methods for

Outdoor furniture — Seating and tables for camping, domestic and contract use, Gymnastic equipment —Vaulting boxes / Horses and bucks / Horizontal bars / Wall bars, lattice ladders and climbing frames / Hanging rings, Strength training equipment, Stationary training equipment, Furniture — Foldaway beds /Cribs and cradles for domestic use, Child use and care articles — Baby walking frames / Soothers for babies and young children / Carry cots and stands / Soother holder / Baby carriers / Child seats for cycles / Drinking equipment, Safety of children's clothing — Cords and drawstrings on children's clothing, Paragliding equipment — Harnesses / Emergency parachutes, Appliances, solid fuels and firelighters for barbecueing, Lighters, Diving accessories — Depth gauges and combined depth and time measuring devices, Buoyant aids for swimming instruction , Decorative oil lamp, Cigarettes — Assessment of the ignition propensity, Mountain-bicycles, Racing bicycles, Bicycles, Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus, Information technology equipment


European Standard CSN EN 1400-1: 2002 - Child use and care articles - Soothers for babies and young children - Part 1: General safety requirements and product information

Directive 2001/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on General Product Safety, 2001 O.J. L.

General safety requirements and test methods for

Outdoor furniture — Seating and tables for camping, domestic and contract use, Gymnastic equipment —Vaulting boxes / Horses and bucks / Horizontal bars / Wall bars, lattice ladders and climbing frames / Hanging rings, Strength training equipment, Stationary training equipment, Furniture — Foldaway beds /Cribs and cradles for domestic use, Child use and care articles — Baby walking frames / Soothers for babies and young children / Carry cots and stands / Soother holder / Baby carriers / Child seats for cycles / Drinking equipment, Safety of children's clothing — Cords and drawstrings on children's clothing, Paragliding equipment — Harnesses / Emergency parachutes, Appliances, solid fuels and firelighters for barbecueing, Lighters, Diving accessories — Depth gauges and combined depth and time measuring devices, Buoyant aids for swimming instruction , Decorative oil lamp, Cigarettes — Assessment of the ignition propensity, Mountain-bicycles, Racing bicycles, Bicycles, Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus, Information technology equipment


Pacifier (dummy, binky or soother)

BCA

DA

ABC

Model: bibi® Latex, 0-12 months, Lamprecht Ltd, Switzerland.

Teat (A), shield (B), ventilation holes (C), and ring or knob (D)

Thomas Stüdeli, 13 June 2013, Ergonomics 2013, Zadar, CRO 9Pratt, E.: Artificial nipple, US Patent number: 4131,Issue date: Jul 24, 1845, Patented Aug 4, 1845

Pratt, E.: Nursing bottle, US Patent number: 4138,antedated: Jun 24, 1845, Patented Aug 9, 1845


Borcher, T.: Nipple-Holder, Current U.S.Classification: 606/236, Filing date: Oct 4, 1898,Issue date: Oct 17, 1899

Meinecke, C.W.: Nipple-Holder, CurrentU.S. Classification: 652/034, Filing date: Sep29, 1899, Issue date: Jun19, 1900


and before …

Ancient times: Clay animals, soaked with sugar orhoney (Osan-ri, Yangyang, South-Korea)

Sucking bags, filled with bread, sugar, honey, and sometimes even alcohol (postcard from 1900, Belgium)


and before …

Ancient times: Clay animals, soaked with sugar or honey(Osan-ri, Yangyang, South-Korea)


Agenda

Ergonomic analysis

– Product ergonomics

approaches

– Analysis of existing

designs

– Interviews with experts

(stakeholders) /

Literature

1. Introduction

2. Ergonomic

analysis

3. Ergonomic criteria

4. Further steps


ergonomic product analysis

and assessment

Bullinger, H.J. & Solf, J.J.: Ergonomische Arbeitsmittelgestaltung, I Systematik, Forschungsbericht Nr. 196, Bundesamt für Arbeitsschutz und Unfallforschung, ISBN 3-88314-038-4, Dortmund, (1979)

hand

work

hand-operated means


ergonomic product analysis

and assessment

Bullinger, H.J. & Solf, J.J.: Ergonomische Arbeitsmittelgestaltung, I Systematik, Forschungsbericht Nr. 196, Bundesamt für Arbeitsschutz und Unfallforschung, ISBN 3-88314-038-4, Dortmund, (1979)

hand

work

hand-operated means

hand & finger tongue, jaw & teeth

pacifier

grip suction

biomechanics, motor control, coordination


Ramsey, J.D.: Ergonomic factors in task analysis for consumer product safety, Journal of Occupational Accidents, 7 (1985) 2, 113-123, ISSN 0376-6349


anatomy

physiology

psychology

design

use

anthropometry

biomechanics

work physiology / medical

environmental physiology

sensory perception

skill, psychology

attitude / behavior

ergonomic components – 8 out of 37 areas of consideration

1. Anthropometry

2. Body motions

and forces

3. Climate

4. Tactile

perception

5. Motor

development

6. Feedback,

tactile

7. Motivation

8. User behavior


analysis of existing design

solutions


analysis of existing design

solutions


expert interviews

• Nelson, AM.: A Comprehensive Review of Evidence and Current

Recommendations Related to Pacifier Usage, Journal of Pediatric Nursing,

27 (2012) 6, 690–699, ISSN 08825963

• Schwartz, R.H. & Guthrie, K.L.: Infant Pacifiers: An Overview, Clinical

Pediatrics, 47 (2008) 4, 327-331, ISSN 0009-9228

• Sexton, S. & Natale, R.: Risks and benefits of pacifiers, American Family

Physician, 79 (2009) 8, 681-685, ISSN 0002-838X

• Warren, J.J. & Bishara, S.E.: Duration of nutritive and nonnutritive

sucking behaviors and their effects on dental arches in the primary

dentition, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 121 (2002) 4, 347-356, ISSN

1097-6752

• Poyak, J.: Effects of pacifiers on early oral development. Int J Orthod

Milwaukee, 17 (2006), 13-16, ISSN 1539-1450

• Ackermann, E.: The Whole Child Development Guide, LEGO Learning

Institute, Billund, Denmark, (2004), Available from

http://learninginstitute.lego.com/ Accessed: 2013-02-23


expert interviews

4 interviews, 6 domains• pediatric dental surgery

• pediatric dentistry

• speech therapy

• logopaedics

• postpartum care

• breastfeeding counseling

plus…


… the real

expert


Agenda

Ergonomic criteria

– Basic functions of a

pacifier

– Design criteria for shield

– Design criteria for teat

– Anthropometry

(example)

1. Introduction

2. Ergonomic analysis

3. Ergonomic

criteria

4. Further steps


Two basic functions of a

pacifier

Learning phase

“learning efficient motor patterns”

“sucking movements of the tongue,

the jaw and the facial muscles

coordinated with the nasal

breathing and the swallowing”


Two basic functions of a

pacifier

Learning phase

“learning efficient motor patterns”

“sucking movements of the tongue,

the jaw and the facial muscles

coordinated with the nasal

breathing and the swallowing”

Application phase

“calming effect”


• absorb the suction forces during

sucking and over the outer mouth

region (lips and facial muscles),

• provide a support for the upper and

lower lips and allow a vacuum during

the closing of the mouth,

• do not affect the child's nose or chin

in rest position and normal range of

motion during motion,

• not have exposed or protruding

edges or engagement surfaces

• avoid that the pacifier may

accidentally access or be sucked in

the trachea of the child.

Functions of shield


• Pick up the suction forces of the child

and forward them to a certain extent to

the shield (counter-pressure on the lips),

• give the tongue enough resistance

(surface area, volume, surface friction) to

transmit the tongue movements to the

pacifier,

• allow the widest possible closure of the

teeth at rest and during the natural

sucking and sucking movements (small

shank), and

• absorb suction and pulling forces of the

tongue and the lower jaw.

Functions teat of a pacifier


anthropometric data

lip to nose, lip to chin


Innovation potential from an

ergonomic point of view

Further steps

Relevant knowledge gaps in

regard to design

optimization


Innovation potential from

an ergonomic point of

view

Further steps

Relevant knowledge gaps in

regard to design

optimization

• User strategies and user habits(personas)

• Dynamics of the sucking part during

sucking (ultra sound)

• Design of surfaces of the shield and

teat of (materials, surface structure)

• Optimization of the teat to the needs

of the tongue (motor skills, tactile)


Thank you for

your attention!

[email protected]

Dr. Thomas Stüdeli, Eur.Erg.

[email protected]

Health & Medicine

Ergonomic criteria for the design of pacifiers, Ergonomics2013 Zadar