Concepts of Demography

Dr. Priyanka Mahawar

DemographyScientific study of human population.It deals with five demographic processes

Demographic Phenomenon

Definition of Key Words

Size : the number of persons in the population

Distribution :arrangement of the population in space at a given time

Structure :distribution of population among its sex & age groupings

Change : the growth or decline of the total population .

births deaths migrations

Ethnicity race mother tongueSocial characteristics marital status literacy educational attainment

women’s status

Additional characteristics

Economic characteristics employment status, occupation, income

Sources of Data

1. Census2. National Survey3. Registration of vital events4. Demographic Studies

Demographic Cycle World history suggests that every nation

passes through a demographic cycle. The stages are:

High Stationary Stage/ First stage No change in size of

population They nullify each other’s

effect High death rate High Birth rate India in 1920.

Early Expanding Stage/ Second Stage Some increase in population Death rate decrease Birth rate remains the

sameCountries of South Asia &

Africa

Late Expanding Stage/ Third Stage Tremendous increase in population

Death rate decreases Birth rate decreases INDIA China ,Singapore

Low Stationary Stage/ Fourth Stage No change in size of population

They Nullify each other’s effect

Low death rate Low Birth rate Denmark,Sweden

Declining Stage/ Fifth Stage Negative growth in population

Birth rate lower than death rate.

Germany,Hungary.

DEMOGRAPHICINDICATORS

DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS

Population

Statistics

Vital Statist

ics

India’s population, as on 1 March 2011 stood at 1.2 BILLION (6237 lakhs males and 5864 lakhs females). India accounts for a meagre 2.4 per cent of the total world surface area of 1357.9 lakhs sq km.

URBANIZATION

Mass migration of rural population into urban centers resulting in increasing the urban population & growth of cities.

Cause of urbanization: “MIGRATION” d/t- Better employment opportunities. Better living standards. Better availability of social services

like Education, Health, Transport, Entertainment etc.

URBAN COMMUNITY

Population more than 5000 75% of male population

working in non agricultural occupation

Population density at least 400/ square km.

DENSITY

Ratio between total population and surface area.

Defined as the number of persons living per square kilometer.

DENSITY

The population density of India in 2011 is 382 per sq km while urban population is 31.60 % of the total population. Urban migration over the last decade has resulted in the rapid growth of urban slums.

Sex ratio

No. of females per 1000 males.

Sex Ratio = Number of Males X 100 Number of Females

low sex ratio of 940 female per thousand male.

.

Sex ratio

Reasons Female infanticide

Female foeticide Higher maternal moratality

Male bias in enumeration of population

Dependency Ratio

Dependency Ratio = Children + Elderly X 100

Working Age = Pop below 15 + 65 & above X 100

Pop 15 – 64 years Dependency Ratio of india 61.1%

AGE GROUP DISTRIBUTION

Vital Statistics

Birth Rate Death rate Growth rate Life Expectancy at birth Mortality and fertility rates

CRUDE BIRTH RATE

Number of live births per 1000 population in a given year.

Number of Births/Year -------------------------------- × 1000 Total Mid - year Population

CBR 21.6

Limitations

Need a complete and accurate vital registration system �

Only a crude estimate of fertility – All the population included in the denominator is not exposed to the risk of pregnancy

Not good for comparing fertility across �populations, as variations in age distribution of the populations being compared will affect the birth rate

Death Rate

Number of deaths per 1000 estimated mid year population in one year.

Number of deaths during the year ---------------------------------------- * 1000 Mid year population

CDR ….7

Growth Rate

Net gain in population Second populous country.

Life Expectancy at age one Life expectancy is a

statistical measure of how long a person or organism may live, based on the year of their birth, their current age and other demographic factors including gender.

Mortality and fertility rates

ANSWER FAST.

25 births were reported in a population of 1000 .calculate CBR.