Clinical Manifestations of Renal Diseases

Lecture 37

Define the terms: Azotemia, Uremia, Acute Renal Failure, Chronic Renal Failure

Azotemia

Types1.Prerenal Azotemia2.Primary Renal Azotemia3.Postrenal Azotemia

GFR

BUN & Creatinine

15

1. Prerenal azotemia

The BUN:Cr in prerenal azotemia is greater than

20.

2. Renal azotemia

3. Postrenal azotemia

The BUN:Cr in postrenal azotemia is >15.

Signs and symptoms (prerenal azotemia)

Treatment

Uremia

Clinical features

Causes• Renal failure, • Increased production of urea in the liver• Decreased elimination of urea• Dehydration• Chronic infection of the kidney

Acute Renal Failure

ARF or AKI is a rapid loss of kidney function.

Causes• Low blood volume • Substances harmful to the kidney, • Obstruction of the urinary tract.

Complications• Metabolic acidosis,• High potassium levels,• Uremia, • Changes in body fluid balance, .

Diagnosis• AKI is diagnosed on the basis of characteristic

laboratory findings, such as • Elevated blood urea nitrogen • Creatinine, • Inability of the kidneys to produce sufficient

amounts of urine.

Management• Supportive care, such as renal

replacement therapy, • as well as treatment of the underlying

disorder.

Signs and symptoms

Fatigue,Loss of appetite,Headache, Nausea vomiting.

• Pain in the flanks may be encountered in thrombosis of the renal blood vessels or inflammation of the kidney; this is the result of stretching of the fibrous tissue capsule surrounding the kidney.

Causes

•Prerenal, • Intrinsic, •Postrenal.

Diagnosis

Chronic Renal FailureChronic renal failure, or chronic kidney disease

(CKD), is

a slow and progressive decline of kidney function.

Causes of Chronic Renal Failure

Diabetes mellitusBlood pressure IgA nephropathy

Signs of chronic renal failure

1. Increased urination, especially at night2. Decreased urination3. Blood in the urine (not a common symptom of

chronic renal failure)4. Urine that is cloudy or tea-colored

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Takht Bhai KPK Pakistan