Chapter 21Chapter 21The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

Objectives:Objectives: Describe the skeletal systemDescribe the skeletal system Explain various types of body movementExplain various types of body movement Identify abnormal curvatures of the spineIdentify abnormal curvatures of the spine Discuss the male and female pelvisDiscuss the male and female pelvis Identify types of fracturesIdentify types of fractures Review case studyReview case study

IntroductionIntroduction

The skeletal system makes up the The skeletal system makes up the framework of the body.framework of the body.

It consists of 206 bones.It consists of 206 bones. The rest of the skeletal system is The rest of the skeletal system is

composed of cartilage and ligaments.composed of cartilage and ligaments. Two divisions of the skeletal system Two divisions of the skeletal system

are:are:

1.1. The axial skeletonThe axial skeleton

2.2. The appendicular skeletonThe appendicular skeleton

Bones and Their Bones and Their ClassificationClassification

Bones consist of Bones consist of 50% water and 50% 50% water and 50% solid (osseous solid (osseous tissue) matter.tissue) matter.

Bones are classified Bones are classified according to shape:according to shape:

1.1. Long (arm)Long (arm)2.2. Short (hand)Short (hand)3.3. Flat (skull)Flat (skull)4.4. Irregular (vertebra)Irregular (vertebra)5.5. Sesamoid (knee cap)Sesamoid (knee cap)6.6. Sutural bones (skull)Sutural bones (skull)

Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones

Providing shape, support and framework of Providing shape, support and framework of the body.the body.

Providing protection for the internal organs.Providing protection for the internal organs. Serving as a storage place for minerals salts, Serving as a storage place for minerals salts,

calcium and phosphorus.calcium and phosphorus. Role in formation of red blood cells. (bone Role in formation of red blood cells. (bone

marrow)marrow) Area of attachment for skeletal muscleArea of attachment for skeletal muscle Making movement possible through Making movement possible through

articulation.articulation.

Lifespan ConsiderationsLifespan Considerationsthe Childthe Child

Bones begin to develop from cartilage. Bones begin to develop from cartilage. Babies are born with a large amount of Babies are born with a large amount of cartilage. These bones eventually fuse cartilage. These bones eventually fuse into normal adult bones.into normal adult bones.

Babies bones are soft but become harder Babies bones are soft but become harder as minerals are deposited, “ossification”.as minerals are deposited, “ossification”.

As a child grows, new bone tissue is made As a child grows, new bone tissue is made between special areas b/t the head of the between special areas b/t the head of the bone and it’s shaft called the “growth bone and it’s shaft called the “growth plate”.plate”.

Lifespan Considerations Lifespan Considerations the Adultthe Adult

Women build bone until age Women build bone until age 35 and then begin to lose 35 and then begin to lose about 1% of their bone mass about 1% of their bone mass annually.annually.

Men start about 10-20 years Men start about 10-20 years later.later.

Most of the skeletal changes Most of the skeletal changes during the aging process during the aging process occur because of connective occur because of connective tissue changes.tissue changes.

Most bone loss is due to loss Most bone loss is due to loss of bone mineral content.of bone mineral content.

Less joint movement = an Less joint movement = an increase in joint disease such increase in joint disease such as arthritis.as arthritis.

Bone healing is slower in older Bone healing is slower in older adults than in children.adults than in children.

Joints and MovementJoints and Movement AbductionAbduction AdductionAdduction CircumductionCircumduction DorsiflexionDorsiflexion EversionEversion ExtensionExtension FlexionFlexion InversionInversion PronationPronation RetractionRetraction RotationRotation SupinationSupination

Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton

The central portion of the skeletonThe central portion of the skeleton Consists of the skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, Consists of the skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae,

sacrum and coccyx.sacrum and coccyx.

The The AppendicularAppendicular Skeleton Skeleton

Responsible for body movementResponsible for body movement Consists of the upper an lower extremities, the pectoral Consists of the upper an lower extremities, the pectoral

girdle, the pelvic girdle.girdle, the pelvic girdle. The The male pelvismale pelvis is shaped like a funnel. It is stronger and is shaped like a funnel. It is stronger and

heavier than the females, more suited for lifting and heavier than the females, more suited for lifting and running.running.

The The female pelvisfemale pelvis is shaped more like a basin, to is shaped more like a basin, to accommodate the fetus and childbirth.accommodate the fetus and childbirth.

Abnormal Curvature of the Abnormal Curvature of the SpineSpine

KyphosisKyphosis-abnormal -abnormal outward curvature of outward curvature of the thoracic spine, the thoracic spine, “humpback”“humpback”

LordosisLordosis-abnormal -abnormal forward curvature of forward curvature of the lumbar spine, the lumbar spine, “swayback”“swayback”

ScoliosisScoliosis-abnormal -abnormal lateral curvature of lateral curvature of the spine.the spine.

Fractures Fractures

Open/ SimpleOpen/ Simple Closed/CompoundClosed/Compound ComminutedComminuted Transverse\Transverse\

GreenstickGreenstick Colles’sColles’s CompressionCompression SpiralSpiral Pott’sPott’s

Patient EducationPatient Education

Keys to maintain Keys to maintain or promote bone or promote bone loss:loss:

1.1. Dietary Dietary supplementssupplements

2.2. ExerciseExercise

3.3. Lifestyle Lifestyle modificationmodification

4.4. Hormone Hormone replacementreplacement

Case StudyCase Study

If Josephine has broke her wrist, what If Josephine has broke her wrist, what is the most likely type of fracture?is the most likely type of fracture?

Why did the physician order physical Why did the physician order physical therapy?therapy?

What other lifestyle changes could What other lifestyle changes could she make to slow the development of she make to slow the development of her osteoporosis?her osteoporosis?